Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Online versus offline Arabic script classification

  • Review
  • Published:
Neural Computing and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Arabic script classification is a complex area of research in the field of computer vision. The issue of offline Arabic script classification has been a concern of many researchers interest currently as it is assumed that online Arabic script recognition is comparatively simple and significant achievements have been attained. Numerous researchers deal with these issues evolved in pre-processing and post-processing techniques of Arabic script and presented various approaches to improve its accuracy rate. However, offline Arabic script classification and its related issues are still fresh. In this paper, we focus on pre-processing to post-processing techniques and highlight several issues in each phase in order to highlight need of high classification performance for Arabic script classification (offline and online). Additionally, top experimental results are reported, discussed and compared, and current challenges are also discussed. Finally, online versus offline Arabic script recognition achievements are also compared.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  1. Abdelazeem S, Eraqi H (2011) On-line Arabic handwritten personal names recognition system based on HMM. In: Proceedings of ICDAR 2011, pp 1304–1308

  2. Abuhaiba ISI, Mahmoud SA, Green RJ (1994) Recognition of handwritten cursive Arabic characters. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 16(6):664–672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Alimi A, Ghorbel O (1995) The analysis of error in an online recognition system of Arabic handwritten characters. In: Proceedings of ICDAR, 14–16 August, Montreal, pp 890–893

  4. Alimi AM (1997) A neuro-fuzzy approach to recognize Arabic handwritten characters. IEEE Int Conf Neural Netw 3(1997):1397–1400

    Google Scholar 

  5. Al-Sheikh T, El-Taweel S (1990) Real-time arabic handwritten character recognition. Pattern Recognit 23(12):1323–1332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Al-Taani AT (2005) An efficient feature extraction algorithm for the recognition of handwritten Arabic digits. Int J Comput Intell 2(2):107–111

    Google Scholar 

  7. Amin A, Masini G, Haton J (1984) Recognition of handwritten Arabic words and sentences. In: Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on pattern recognition, Montréal, October 1984, pp 1055–1057

  8. Biadsy F, Saabni R, EL-Sana J (2011) Segmentation-free online Arabic handwriting recognition. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 25(7):1009–1033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bullock D, Grossberg S, Mannes C (1993) A neural network model for cursive script production. In: Presented at biological cybernetics, 1993, pp 15–28

  10. Lin C, Suen CY (2008) A new benchmark on the recognition of handwritten Bangla and Farsi numeral characters. In: ICFHR, 2008, Montreal, August 2008, pp 278–283

  11. Dehghan M, Faez K, Ahmadi M, Shridhar M (2001) Handwritten Farsi (Arabic) word recognition: a holistic approach using discrete HMM. Pattern Recognit 34(5):1057–1065

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. El-Abed H, Märgner V, Kherallah M, Alimi AM (2009) ICDAR 2009 online Arabic handwriting recognition competition. In: ICDAR, 2009 10th international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2009, pp 1388–1392

  13. Elanwar RI, Rashwan MA, Mashali SA (2007) Simultaneous segmentation and recognition of Arabic characters in an unconstrained online cursive handwritten document. In: World academy of science, engineering and technology, vol 29, pp 288–291

  14. El-Wakil MS, Shoukry AA (1989) On-line recognition of handwritten Arabic character recognition. Pattern Recognit 22(2):97–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Eraqi H, Abdelazeem S (2011) An on-line Arabic handwriting recognition system based on a new on-line graphemes segmentation technique. In: Proceedings of ICDAR 2011, pp 409–413

  16. Farah N, Khadir T, Sellami M (2005) Artificial neural network fusion: application to Arabic words recognition. In: European symposium on artificial neural networks ESANN, 27–29 April 2005, Bruges. ISBN: 2-930307-056

  17. Halavati R, Souraki SB, Soleymani M (2005) Persian online handwriting recognition using fuzzy modeling. In: Published in IFSA’05, Beijing, July 2005, pp 232–236

  18. Neamah K, Mohamad D, Saba T, Rehman A (2014) Discriminative features mining for offline handwritten signature verification. 3D Res. doi:10.1007/s13319-013-0002-3

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kherallah M, Bouri F, Alimi AM (2009) Online Arabic handwriting recognition system based on visual encoding and genetic algorithm. Eng Appl Artif Intell 22(1):153–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Koerich AL, Kalva PR (2005) Unconstrained handwritten character recognition using metaclasses of characters. In: IEEE international conference on image processing, Genova, vol 2, pp 542–545

  21. Li H (2002) Data driven design of an ANN/HMM system for online unconstrained handwritten character recognition. In: Proceedings of the 4th IEEE international conference on multimodal interfaces, October 14–16, 2002. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, p 149

  22. Ma Y, Leedham G (2007) Online recognition of handwritten Renqun shorthand for fast mobile Chinese text entry. Pattern Recognit Lett 28(7):873–883

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Märgner V, El Abed H (2007) ICDAR 2007 Arabic handwriting recognition competition. In: 9th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), vol 2, pp 1274–1278

  24. Märgner V, Pechwitz M, El Abed H (2005) ICDAR 2005 Arabic handwriting recognition competition. In: 8th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), vol 1, pp 70–74

  25. Mezghani N, Cheriet M, Mitiche A (2003) Combination of pruned kohonen maps for online Arabic characters recognition. In: ICDAR03 vol 2, Edinburgh, Scotland, August 2003, pp 900–905

  26. Njah S, Bezine H, Alimi AM (2010) A new encoding system: application to on-line Arabic handwriting. In: Proceedings of ICFHR 2010, pp 451–456

  27. Rehman A, Saba T (2011) Document skew estimation and correction: analysis of techniques, common problems and possible solutions. Appl Artif Intell 25(9):769–787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Rehman A, Saba T (2012) Off-line cursive script recognition: current advances, comparisons and remaining problems. Artif Intell Rev 37(4):261–268. doi:10.1007/s10462-011-9229-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rehman A, Saba T (2014) Neural network for document image pre-processing: state of the art. Artif Intell Rev 42(2):253–273. doi:10.1007/s10462-012-9337-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Rehman A Mohammad D, Sulong G, Saba T (2009) Simple and effective techniques for core-region detection and slant correction in offline script recognition. In: IEEE international conference on signal and image processing applications (ICSIPA), pp 15–20. doi:10.1109/ICSIPA.2009.5478628

  31. Saba T, Rehman A, Altameem A, Uddin M (2014) Annotated comparisons of proposed precessing techniques for script recognition. Neural Comput Appl 25:1337–1347. doi:10.1007/s00521-014-1618-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Saba T, Rehman A, Elarbi-Boudihir M (2011) Methods and strategies on off-line cursive touched characters segmentation: a directional review. Artif Intell Rev. doi:10.1007/s10462-011-9271-5.pp45-54

    Google Scholar 

  33. Starner T, Makhoul J, Schwartz R, Chou G (1994) Online cursive handwriting recognition using speech recognition methods. In: 1994 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech, and signal processing. ICASSP-94, 19–22 April 1994, vol 5, pp V/125–V/128

  34. Sternby J, Morwing J, Andersson J, Friberg C (2009) Online Arabic handwriting recognition with templates. Pattern Recognit 42(12):3278–3286. doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2008.12.017

  35. Teulings HL (1994) Invariant handwriting features useful in cursive script recognition. In: Impedovo S (ed) Fundamentals of handwriting recognition. Springer, Berlin, pp 178–189

    Google Scholar 

  36. Verma B, Gander PD, Chen W (2001) Fusion of multiple handwritten word recognition techniques. Pattern Recognit Lett 22(9):991–998

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research work is output of seeding project sponsored by RTC Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, KSA.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Information System Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, KSA

    Tanzila Saba

  2. College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA

    Abdulaziz S. Almazyad

  3. College of Computer and Information Sciences, Al-Yamamah University, Riyadh, KSA

    Amjad Rehman

Authors
  1. Tanzila Saba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdulaziz S. Almazyad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amjad Rehman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amjad Rehman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Saba, T., Almazyad, A.S. & Rehman, A. Online versus offline Arabic script classification. Neural Comput & Applic 27, 1797–1804 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-015-2001-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-015-2001-1

Keywords