Abstract
Recently, the reciprocal recommendation, especially for online dating applications, has attracted increasing research attention. Different from the conventional recommendation problems, the reciprocal recommendation aims to simultaneously best match users’ mutual interests to make the recommendations. However, the most existing RRS algorithms seldom model users’ interest and attractiveness simultaneously under the high-dimensional feature space. Furthermore, the sparsity of reciprocal relations seriously deteriorates the recommendation performance. Thus, we propose a novel Deep Contrast Reciprocal Recommender System (DCRS) to address the aforementioned research issues. Particularly, we resolve the sparsity issue by introducing the reciprocal neighbors to increase the number of possible reciprocal relations. Then, a novel deep contrast neural network is then proposed to model the mutual interest by contrasting between the reciprocal and non-reciprocal relations. As a result, it was able to better identify the reciprocal relations for the latter recommendation. Extensive experiments have been evaluated on two real-world datasets, and the promising results demonstrate that the proposed DCRS is superior to both baseline and the state-of-the-art approaches.




Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
Alanazi A, Bain M (2013) A people-to-people content-based reciprocal recommender using hidden markov models. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on recommender systems, pp 303–306
Bachman P, Hjelm RD, Buchwalter W (2019) Learning representations by maximizing mutual information across views. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 32:15535–15545
Bentley JL (1975) Multidimensional binary search trees used for associative searching. Commun ACM 18(9):509–517
Bronstein MM, Bruna J, LeCun Y, Szlam A, Vandergheynst P (2017) Geometric deep learning: going beyond euclidean data. IEEE Sign Process Mag 34(4):18–42
Cai X, Bain M, Krzywicki A, Wobcke W, Kim YS, Compton P, Mahidadia A (2010) Collaborative filtering for people to people recommendation in social networks. In: Australasian joint conference on artificial intelligence, Springer, pp 476–485
Cai X, Bain M, Krzywicki A, Wobcke W, Kim YS, Compton P, Mahidadia A (2012) Reciprocal and heterogeneous link prediction in social networks. In: Pacific-Asia conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, Springer, pp 193–204
Cai X, Bain M, Krzywicki A, Wobcke W, Kim YS, Compton P, Mahidadia A (2013) Procf: probabilistic collaborative filtering for reciprocal recommendation. In: Pacific-Asia conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, Springer, pp 1–12
Chen T, Kornblith S, Norouzi M, Hinton G (2020) A simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations. In: International conference on machine learning, PMLR, pp 1597–1607
Defferrard M, Bresson X, Vandergheynst P (2016) Convolutional neural networks on graphs with fast localized spectral filtering. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 3844–3852
Fan W, Ma Y, Li Q, He Y, Zhao E, Tang J, Yin D (2019) Graph neural networks for social recommendation. In: The World Wide Web Conference, ACM, pp 417–426
Grover A, Leskovec J (2016) node2vec: Scalable feature learning for networks. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, ACM, pp 855–864
Guo H, Tang R, Ye Y, Li Z, He X (2017) Deepfm: a factorization-machine based neural network for ctr prediction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.04247
He K, Fan H, Wu Y, Xie S, Girshick R (2020) Momentum contrast for unsupervised visual representation learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 9729–9738
Kingma DP, Ba J (2014) Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980
Kleinerman A, Rosenfeld A, Ricci F, Kraus S (2018) Optimally balancing receiver and recommended users’ importance in reciprocal recommender systems. In: Proceedings of the 12th ACM conference on recommender systems, ACM, pp 131–139
Lei C, Liu D, Li W, Zha ZJ, Li H (2016) Comparative deep learning of hybrid representations for image recommendations. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2545–2553
Li C, Liu Z, Wu M, Xu Y, Zhao H, Huang P, Kang G, Chen Q, Li W, Lee DL (2019) Multi-interest network with dynamic routing for recommendation at tmall. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM international conference on information and knowledge management, pp 2615–2623
Li G, Yu Y (2016) Deep contrast learning for salient object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 478–487
Lian J, Zhou X, Zhang F, Chen Z, Xie X, Sun G (2018) xdeepfm: Combining explicit and implicit feature interactions for recommender systems. In: SIGKDD, ACM, pp 1754–1763
Luo L, Liu K, Peng D, Ying Y, Zhang X (2020a) A motif-based graph neural network to reciprocal recommendation for online dating. In: ICONIP
Luo L, Yang L, Xin J, Fang Y, Zhang X, Yang X, Chen K, Zhang Z, Liu K (2020b) Rrcn: A reinforced random convolutional network based reciprocal recommendation approach for online dating. arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.12586
Marsden PV, Friedkin NE (1993) Network studies of social influence. Sociol Methods Res 22(1):127–151
McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM (2001) Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 27(1):415–444
Mikolov T, Chen K, Corrado G, Dean J (2013) Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781
Neve J, Palomares I (2019) Latent factor models and aggregation operators for collaborative filtering in reciprocal recommender systems. In: Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on recommender systems, pp 219–227
Palomares I, Porcel C, Pizzato L, Guy I, Herrera-Viedma E (2021) Reciprocal recommender systems: analysis of state-of-art literature, challenges and opportunities towards social recommendation. Inf Fusion 69:103–127
Perozzi B, Al-Rfou R, Skiena S (2014) Deepwalk: online learning of social representations. In: Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, ACM, pp 701–710
Pizzato L, Rej T, Chung T, Koprinska I, Kay J (2010) Recon: a reciprocal recommender for online dating. In: Proceedings of the fourth ACM conference on Recommender systems, ACM, pp 207–214
Pizzato L, Rej T, Akehurst J, Koprinska I, Yacef K, Kay J (2013) Recommending people to people: the nature of reciprocal recommenders with a case study in online dating. User Model. User Adapt. Interact. 23(5):447–488
Sra S, Nowozin S, Wright SJ (2012) Optimization for machine learning. Mit Press, Cambridge
Su X, Khoshgoftaar TM (2009) A survey of collaborative filtering techniques. Adv Artif Intel. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/421425
Sudo K, Osugi N, Kanamori T (2019) Numerical study of reciprocal recommendation with domain matching. Jpn J Stat Data Sci 2(1):221–240
Tang J, Hu X, Gao H, Liu H (2013) Exploiting local and global social context for recommendation. In: Twenty-Third international joint conference on artificial intelligence
Tang J, Qu M, Wang M, Zhang M, Yan J, Mei Q (2015) Line: Large-scale information network embedding. In: Proceedings of the 24th international conference on world wide web, pp 1067–1077
Tang J, Aggarwal C, Liu H (2016) Recommendations in signed social networks. In: Proceedings of the 25th international conference on world wide web, international world wide web conferences steering committee, pp 31–40
Tay Y, Tuan LA, Hui SC (2018) Couplenet: paying attention to couples with coupled attention for relationship recommendation. In: Twelfth international AAAI conference on web and social media
Ting CH, Lo HY, Lin SD (2016) Transfer-learning based model for reciprocal recommendation. In: Pacific-Asia conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, Springer, pp 491–502
Tu K, Ribeiro B, Jensen D, Towsley D, Liu B, Jiang H, Wang X (2014) Online dating recommendations: matching markets and learning preferences. In: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on world wide web, pp 787–792
Velickovic P, Fedus W, Hamilton WL, Liò P, Bengio Y, Hjelm RD (2019) Deep graph infomax. ICLR (Poster) 2(3):4
Veličković P, Cucurull G, Casanova A, Romero A, Liò P, Bengio Y (2018) Graph attention networks. In: International conference on learning representations, https://openreview.net/forum?id=rJXMpikCZ
Wold S, Esbensen K, Geladi P (1987) Principal component analysis. Chemom Intel Lab Syst 2(1–3):37–52
Xia P, Liu B, Sun Y, Chen C (2015) Reciprocal recommendation system for online dating. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining 2015, ACM, pp 234–241
Xu K, Hu W, Leskovec J, Jegelka S (2019) How powerful are graph neural networks? In: International conference on learning representations, https://openreview.net/forum?id=ryGs6iA5Km
Yang L, Luo L, Xin L, Zhang X, Zhang X (2021) Dagnn: Demand-aware graph neural networks for session-based recommendation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.14428
Ying R, He R, Chen K, Eksombatchai P, Hamilton WL, Leskovec J (2018) Graph convolutional neural networks for web-scale recommender systems. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining, ACM, pp 974–983
Yu X, Yang J, Xie Z (2014) Training svms on a bound vectors set based on fisher projection. Front Comput Sci 8(5):793–806
Yu X, Chu Y, Jiang F, Guo Y, Gong D (2018) Svms classification based two-side cross domain collaborative filtering by inferring intrinsic user and item features. Knowl Based Syst 141:80–91
Yu X, Jiang F, Du J, Gong D (2019) A cross-domain collaborative filtering algorithm with expanding user and item features via the latent factor space of auxiliary domains. Pattern Recognit 94:96–109
Zhang X, Liu H, Chen X, Zhong J, Wang D (2020) A novel hybrid deep recommendation system to differentiate user’s preference and item’s attractiveness. Inf Sci 519:306–316
Zhang X, Zhong J, Liu K (2021) Wasserstein autoencoders for collaborative filtering. Neural Comput Appl 33(7):2793–2802
Zhang Z, Yang H, Bu J, Zhou S, Yu P, Zhang J, Ester M, Wang C (2018) Anrl: attributed network representation learning via deep neural networks. IJCAI 18:3155–3161
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Luo, L., Zhang, X., Chen, X. et al. DCRS: a deep contrast reciprocal recommender system to simultaneously capture user interest and attractiveness for online dating. Neural Comput & Applic 34, 6413–6425 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06749-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06749-2