Skip to main content
Log in

FedFV: federated face verification via equivalent class embeddings

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Multimedia Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Face verification models based on centralized training on large face datasets have achieved excellent performance on various test benchmarks. However, due to the increasingly sophisticated privacy protection law, centrally collecting large amount of face images becomes more difficult. We consider learning a face verification model in the federated setting, where each client has access to the face images of only one class and class embeddings cannot be shared to other clients because of data privacy. In this paper, we propose Federated face verification (FedFV), in which server transfers some equivalent class embeddings to clients so that the clients’ class embeddings can be separated far away from each other. We show that our proposed method FedFV outperforms the existing approaches in several face verification benchmarks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. O’Mahony, N., Campbell, S., Carvalho, A., Harapanahalli, S., Hernandez, G.V., Krpalkova, L., Riordan, D., Walsh, J.: Deep learning vs. traditional computer vision. In: Science and Information Conference, pp. 128–144 (2019). Springer

  2. Voulodimos, A., Doulamis, N., Doulamis, A., Protopapadakis, E.: Deep learning for computer vision: a brief review. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2018 (2018)

  3. Ioannidou, A., Chatzilari, E., Nikolopoulos, S., Kompatsiaris, I.: Deep learning advances in computer vision with 3d data: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 50(2), 1–38 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. LeCun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., Haffner, P.: Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc. IEEE 86(11), 2278–2324 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 25, 1097–1105 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Parkhi, O.M., Vedaldi, A., Zisserman, A.: Deep face recognition (2015)

  7. Taigman, Y., Yang, M., Ranzato, M., Wolf, L.: Deepface: Closing the gap to human-level performance in face verification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2014)

  8. Sun, Y., Wang, X., Tang, X.: Deep learning face representation from predicting 10,000 classes. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1891–1898 (2014)

  9. Sun, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Tang, X.: Deep learning face representation by joint identification-verification. In: NIPS, pp. 1988–1996 (2014). http://papers.nips.cc/paper/5416-deep-learning-face-representation-by-joint-identification-verification

  10. Sun, Y., Wang, X., Tang, X.: Deeply learned face representations are sparse, selective, and robust. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2892–2900 (2015)

  11. Schroff, F., Kalenichenko, D., Philbin, J.: Facenet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015)

  12. Wen, Y., Zhang, K., Li, Z., Qiao, Y.: A discriminative feature learning approach for deep face recognition. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 499–515 (2016). Springer

  13. Liu, W., Wen, Y., Yu, Z., Li, M., Raj, B., Song, L.: Sphereface: Deep hypersphere embedding for face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2017)

  14. Wang, H., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z., Ji, X., Gong, D., Zhou, J., Li, Z., Liu, W.: Cosface: Large margin cosine loss for deep face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2018)

  15. Deng, J., Guo, J., Xue, N., Zafeiriou, S.: Arcface: Additive angular margin loss for deep face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2019)

  16. Kairouz, P., McMahan, H.B., Avent, B., Bellet, A., Bennis, M., Bhagoji, A.N., Bonawitz, K., Charles, Z., Cormode, G., Cummings, R., D’Oliveira, R.G.L., Eichner, H., Rouayheb, S.E., Evans, D., Gardner, J., Garrett, Z., Gascón, A., Ghazi, B., Gibbons, P.B., Gruteser, M., Harchaoui, Z., He, C., He, L., Huo, Z., Hutchinson, B., Hsu, J., Jaggi, M., Javidi, T., Joshi, G., Khodak, M., Konečný, J., Korolova, A., Koushanfar, F., Koyejo, S., Lepoint, T., Liu, Y., Mittal, P., Mohri, M., Nock, R., Özgür, A., Pagh, R., Raykova, M., Qi, H., Ramage, D., Raskar, R., Song, D., Song, W., sTICH, S.U., Sun, Z., Suresh, A.T., Tramèr, F., Vepakomma, P., Wang, J., Xiong, L., Xu, Z., Yang, Q., Yu, F.X., Yu, H., Zhao, S.: Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learning (2021)

  17. Yang, Q., Liu, Y., Chen, T., Tong, Y.: Federated machine learning: concept and applications. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. (TIST) 10(2), 1–19 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. McMahan, B., Moore, E., Ramage, D., Hampson, S., y Arcas, B.A.: Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data. In: Singh, A., Zhu, J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, vol. 54, pp. 1273–1282 (2017). PMLR. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v54/mcmahan17a.html

  19. Li, T., Sahu, A.K., Talwalkar, A., Smith, V.: Federated learning: challenges, methods, and future directions. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 37(3), 50–60 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2020.2975749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Bonawitz, K., Eichner, H., Grieskamp, W., Huba, D., Ingerman, A., Ivanov, V., Kiddon, C., Konečný, J., Mazzocchi, S., McMahan, H.B., Overveldt, T.V., Petrou, D., Ramage, D., Roselander, J.: Towards Federated Learning at Scale: System Design (2019)

  21. Konečný, J., McMahan, H.B., Yu, F.X., Richtárik, P., Suresh, A.T., Bacon, D.: Federated Learning: Strategies for Improving Communication Efficiency (2017)

  22. Hsu, T.-M.H., Qi, H., Brown, M.: Measuring the Effects of Non-Identical Data Distribution for Federated Visual Classification (2019)

  23. Karimireddy, S.P., Kale, S., Mohri, M., Reddi, S., Stich, S., Suresh, A.T.: Scaffold: Stochastic controlled averaging for federated learning. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 5132–5143 (2020). PMLR

  24. Li, T., Sahu, A.K., Zaheer, M., Sanjabi, M., Talwalkar, A., Smith, V.: Federated Optimization in Heterogeneous Networks (2020)

  25. Wang, J., Liu, Q., Liang, H., Joshi, G., Poor, H.V.: Tackling the Objective Inconsistency Problem in Heterogeneous Federated Optimization (2020)

  26. Reddi, S., Charles, Z., Zaheer, M., Garrett, Z., Rush, K., Konečný, J., Kumar, S., McMahan, H.B.: Adaptive Federated Optimization (2021)

  27. Hosseini, H., Park, H., Yun, S., Louizos, C., Soriaga, J., Welling, M.: Federated Learning of User Verification Models Without Sharing Embeddings (2021)

  28. Bojanowski, P., Joulin, A.: Unsupervised learning by predicting noise. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 517–526 (2017). PMLR

  29. Yu, F., Rawat, A.S., Menon, A., Kumar, S.: Federated learning with only positive labels. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 10946–10956 (2020). PMLR. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v119/yu20f.html

  30. Huang, G.B., Mattar, M., Berg, T., Learned-Miller, E.: Labeled faces in the wild: a database for studying face recognition in unconstrained environments. In: Learned-Miller, E., Ferencz, A., Jurie, F. (eds) Workshop on Faces in ’Real-Life’ Images: Detection, Alignment, and Recognition, Marseille, France (2008). https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00321923

  31. Moschoglou, S., Papaioannou, A., Sagonas, C., Deng, J., Kotsia, I., Zafeiriou, S.: Agedb: The first manually collected, in-the-wild age database. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops (2017)

  32. Sengupta, S., Chen, J.-C., Castillo, C., Patel, V.M., Chellappa, R., Jacobs, D.W.: Frontal to profile face verification in the wild. In: 2016 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), pp. 1–9 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/WACV.2016.7477558

  33. Liu, W., Wen, Y., Yu, Z., Yang, M.: Large-margin softmax loss for convolutional neural networks. In: ICML, vol. 2, p. 7 (2016)

  34. Wang, F., Xiang, X., Cheng, J., Yuille, A.L.: Normface: L2 hypersphere embedding for face verification. In: Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. MM ’17, pp. 1041–1049. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3123266.3123359

  35. Wang, F., Cheng, J., Liu, W., Liu, H.: Additive margin softmax for face verification. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 25(7), 926–930 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/LSP.2018.2822810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Hard, A., Rao, K., Mathews, R., Ramaswamy, S., Beaufays, F., Augenstein, S., Eichner, H., Kiddon, C., Ramage, D.: Federated Learning for Mobile Keyboard Prediction (2019)

  37. Duong, C.N., Truong, T.-D., Luu, K., Quach, K.G., Bui, H., Roy, K.: Vec2face: Unveil human faces from their blackbox features in face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 6132–6141 (2020)

  38. Yi, D., Lei, Z., Liao, S., Li, S.Z.: Learning Face Representation from Scratch (2014)

  39. Wu, Y., He, K.: Group normalization. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) (2018)

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant No. XDA27040300, Jiangsu Key Research and Development Plan (No.BE2021012-2), and NSFC 61906195, 61876182.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yifan Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Additional information

Communicated by B.-K. Bao.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, L., Zhang, Y., Gao, H. et al. FedFV: federated face verification via equivalent class embeddings. Multimedia Systems 28, 1833–1843 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-022-00927-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-022-00927-5

Keywords

Navigation