Skip to main content
Log in

A scalable blockchain network model with transmission paths and neighbor node subareas

  • Regular Paper
  • Published:
Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This article has been updated

Abstract

We propose a scalable blockchain P2P network transmission model. Using this model, data-transmitting nodes filter out the nodes that have received data according to the transmission path, thereby avoiding redundant forwarding. Furthermore, each K-bucket storing neighbor nodes is divided into multiple subareas, and neighbor nodes are evenly distributed to these subareas for reducing data-transmitting levels. Several redundant closer nodes transmit data to the target node for ensuring the target node receives the data. We analyzed the effective transmission rate, transmission efficiency and security of this model, and it shows that the performance of the data transmission improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 27 August 2022

    Affiliation has been Corrected.

References

  1. Nakamoto S (2008) Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf

  2. Ethereum White Paper (2015) A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/WhitePaper

  3. Official Go implementation of the Ethereum protocol. https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum

  4. Zhou T, Li X, Zhao H (2019) EverSSDI: blockchain-based framework for verification, authorisation and recovery of self-sovereign identity using smart contracts. Int J Comput Appl Technol 60(3):281–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhao H, Li X, Zhan L et al (2015) Data integrity Protection method for microorganism sampling robots based on blockchain technology. Huazhong Univ Sci Technol 43(s1):216–219

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bitcoin Developer Guide (2009). https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-guide

  7. DLeung D, Suhl A, Gilad Y et al (2019) Vault: fast bootstrapping for the Algorand Cryptocurrency. In: Network and distributed systems security (NDSS) symposium, 24–27 February 2019

  8. A faster, more efficient cryptocurrency (2019). http://news.mit.edu/2019/vault-faster-more-efficient-cryptocurrency-0124

  9. Corallo M (2016) Compact block relay. https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0152.mediawiki

  10. Clifford A, Rizun PR (2016) https://medium.com/@peter_r/towards-massive-on-chain-scaling-block-propagation-results-with-xthin-3512f3382276#.g50cw43hq

  11. Higgins S (2016) Bitcoin’s ‘nervous system’ gets an upgrade with FIBRE network. https://www.coindesk.com/bitcoins-nervous-system-getting-upgrade

  12. Bitcoin Unlimited. https://www.bitcoinunlimited.info/

  13. Bitcoin cash—peer-to-peer electronic cash. https://www.bitcoincash.org/

  14. Köhler E, Hilger M, Möhring RF et al (2006) Fast point-to-point shortest path computations with arc-flags. Dimacs implementation challenge: the shortest path problem

  15. Wepiwe G, Simeonov PL (2005) A concentric multi-ring overlay for highly reliable P2P networks

  16. Antonopoulos AM (2014) Mastering bitcoin. O’Reilly Media

  17. P2P Network. https://developer.bitcoin.org/reference/p2p_networking.html

  18. Wood G (2020) Etherenum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf

  19. Katkuri S (2018) A survey of data transfer and storage techniques in prevalent cryptocurrencies and suggested improvements. https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.03380

  20. EOS.IO Technical White Paper v2 (2018). https://github.com/EOSIO/Documentation/blob/master/TechnicalWhitePaper.md#eosio-technical-white-paper-v2

  21. Bowe S, Gabizon A (2018) Making groth’s zk-snark simulation ex-tractable in the random oracle model. Cryptoly ePrint Archive, Report2018/187, 2018. https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/187

  22. Meckler I, Shapiro E (2018) Coda: decentralized cryptocurrency at scale. https://codaprotocol.com/static/coda-whitepaper-05-10-2018-0.pdf

  23. Ross KW Dan Rubenstein. P2P systems

  24. Andy O (2003) Peer-to-peer: harnessing the power of disruptive technologies, O'Reilly & Associates

  25. Ripeanu M et al Mapping the gnutella network: properties of large-scale peer-to-peer systems and implications for system design

  26. Androulaki E, Barger A, Bortnikov V et al (2017) Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains

  27. Benet J (2014) IPFS—content addressed, versioned, P2P file system. http://ipfs.io

  28. Loewenstern A, Norberg A (2017) DHT protocol. http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0005.html

  29. Karp B, Ratnasamy S, Rhea S, Shenker S (2004) Spurring adoption of DHTs with OpenHash, a Public DHT Service, IPTPS

  30. Wang L, Kangasharju J (2013) Measuring large-scale distributed systems: case of bittorrent mainline dht. In: 2013 IEEE thirteenth international conference on peer-to-peer computing (P2P), IEEE, pp 1–10

  31. Stoica I, Morris R, Karger D et al (2001) Chord: a scalable peer-to-peer lookup service for internet applications. ACM SIGCOMM

  32. Rowstron A, Druschel P (2001) Pastry: scalable, decentralized object location, and routing for large-scale peer-to-peer systems

  33. Ratnasamy S, Francis P, Handley M et al (2002) A scalable content-addressable network. University of California, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  34. Maymounkov P, Mazieres D (2002) Kademlia: a peer-to-peer information system based on the XOR metric, IPTPS. http://www.cs.rice.edu/Conferences/IPTPS02/109.pdf

  35. Bittorrent Sync (2014)

  36. Blockmeta. The blockchain data of Bitcion. https://blockmeta.com/btc-stat

  37. Ethereum (ETH) Blockchain Explorer. https://etherscan.io/

  38. Ding D, Jiang X, Wang J et al (2019) Txilm: lossy block compression with salted short hashing. CoRR abs/1906.06500

  39. Compact Blocks FAQ. https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/06/07/compact-blocks-faq/

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61602435), Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (No. 1708085QF153).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to He Zhao.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yu, B., Li, X., Zhao, H. et al. A scalable blockchain network model with transmission paths and neighbor node subareas. Computing 104, 2253–2277 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-021-00913-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-021-00913-1

Keywords

Mathematics Subject Classification

Navigation