Abstract
Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) networks provide benefits to humans in numerous domains by empowering the projects of smart cities, healthcare, industrial enhancement and so forth. The IoT networks include nodes, which deliver the data to the destination. However, the network nodes’ connectivity is affected by the nodes’ removal caused due to the malicious attacks. The ideal plan is to construct a topology that maintains nodes’ connectivity after the attacks and subsequently increases the network robustness. Therefore, for constructing a robust scale-free network, two different mechanisms are adopted in this paper. First, a Multi-Population Genetic Algorithm (MPGA) is used to deal with premature convergence in GA. Then, an entropy based mechanism is used, which replaces the worst solution of high entropy population with the best solution of low entropy population to improve the network robustness. Second, two types of Edge Swap Mechanisms (ESMs) are proposed. The Efficiency based Edge Swap Mechanism (EESM) selects the pair of edges with high efficiency. While the second ESM named as EESM-Assortativity, transforms the network topology into an onion-like structure to achieve maximum connectivity between similar degree network nodes. Further, Hill Climbing (HC) and Simulated Annealing (SA) methods are used for optimizing the network robustness. The simulation results show that the proposed MPGA Entropy has 9% better network robustness as compared to MPGA. Moreover, both the proposed ESMs effectively increase the network robustness with an average of 15% better robustness as compared to HC and SA. Furthermore, they increase the graph density as well as network’s connectivity.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Thangaramya K, Kulothungan K, Logambigai R, Selvi M, Ganap- athy S, Kannan A (2019) Energy aware cluster and neuro-fuzzy based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks in IoT. Comput Netw 211–223
Abbas SM, Javaid N, Azar AT, Qasim U, Khan ZA, Aslam S (2022) Towards enhancing the robustness of scale-free IoT networks by an intelligent rewiring mechanism. Sensors 22(7):2658
Khan MA, Javaid N, Gulfam SM (2021) Towards attack resilience of scale-free IoT networks with topology modifications. MS Thesis, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Pakistan. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355466975_Towards_Attack_Resilience_of_Scale-Free_IoT_Networks_with_Topology_Modifications_MS_Thesis_without_Source_Codes
Abbas S, Javaid N, Almogren A, Gulfam SM, Ahmed A, Radwan A (2021) Securing genetic algorithm enabled SDN routing for blockchain based internet of things. IEEE Access 9:139739–139754
Gong Y, Yu Q (2019) Evolution of conformity dynamics in complex social networks. Symmetry 1–299
Luo D, Qiu T, Deonauth N, Zhao A (2015) A small world model for improving robustness of heterogeneous networks. In: 2015 IEEE global conference on signal and information processing (GlobalSIP), pp 849-852
Broido AD, Clauset A (2019) Scale-free networks are rare. Nat Commun 1–10
Khan MA, Javaid N (2022) Computationally efficient topology optimization of scale-free IoT networks. Comput Commun 185:1–12
Aparicio S, Villazón-Terrazas J, Álvarez G (2015) A model for scale-free networks: application to twitter. Entropy 17(8):5848–5867
Qureshi TN, Javaid N, Almogren A, Khan AU, Almajed H, Mohiuddin I (2022) An adaptive enhanced differential evolution strategies for topology robustness in internet of things. Int J Web Grid Serv 18(1):1–33
Qureshi TN, Javaid N, Almogren A, Abubaker Z, Almajed H, Mohiuddin I (2021) Attack resistance-based topology robustness of scale-free internet of things for smart cities. Int J Web Grid Serv 17(4):343–370
Qiu T, Liu J, Si W, Han M, Ning H, Atiquzzaman M (2017) A data-driven robustness algorithm for the internet of things in smart cities. IEEE Commun Mag 18–23
Qiu T, Liu J, Si W, Wu DO (2019) Robustness optimization scheme with multi-population co-evolution for scale-free wireless sensor networks. IEEE ACM Trans Netw 1028–1042
Buesser P, Daolio F, Tomassini M (2011) Optimizing the robustness of scale-free networks with simulated annealing. In: International conference on adaptive and natural computing algorithms, pp 167–176
Qiu T, Zhao A, Xia F, Si W, Wu DO (2017) ROSE: robustness strategy for scale-free wireless sensor networks. IEEE ACM Trans Netw 2944–2959
Rong L, Liu J (2018) A heuristic algorithm for enhancing the robustness of scale-free networks based on edge classification. Physica A 503:503–515
Roy S, Shah VK, Das SK (2018) Design of robust and efficient topology using enhanced gene regulatory networks. IEEE Trans Mol Biol Multi-Scale Commun 4(2):73–87
Khan MA, Javaid N, Javaid S, Naseer N, Imran M (2020) Cooperative novel link selection mechanism for enhancing the robustness in scale free IoT networks. In: 16th international wireless communications and mobile computing conference (IWCMC), pp 1–6
Sohn I (2019) A robust complex network generation method based on neural networks. Physica A 523:593–601
Chen J, Chen L, Chen Y, Zhao M, Yu S, Xuan Q, Yang X (2019) Ga-based q-attack on community detection. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 491–503
Fu X, Yang Y, Postolache O (2018) Invulnerability of clustering wireless sensor networks against cascading failures. IEEE Syst J 1431–1442
Elhosseini MA, El Sehiemy RA, Rashwan YI, Gao XZ (2019) On the performance improvement of elephant herding optimization algorithm. Knowl Based Syst 58–70
Qiu T, Li B, Qu W, Ahmed E, Wang X (2018) TOSG: a topology optimization scheme with global small world for industrial heterogeneous internet of things. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 3174–3184
Zhang C, Jia B, Hao L (2019) A multi-objective service selection method based on ant colony optimization for QoE restrictions in the internet of things. In: International conference on security and privacy in new computing environments, pp 342–353
Li X, Chen G (2003) A local-world evolving network model statistical mechanics and its applications. Physica A 274–286
Herrmann HJ, Schneider CM, Moreira AA, Andrade Jr JS, Havlin S (2011) Onion-like network topology enhances robustness against malicious attacks. J Stat Mech Theory Exp 10–27
Yang Y, Li Z, Chen Y, Zhang X, Wang S (2015) Improving the robustness of complex networks with preserving community structure. PloS ONE 1–14
Yang Z, Liu J (2018) Robustness of scale-free networks with various parameters against cascading failures. Stat Mech Appl Physica A 628–638
Liu X, Sun S, Wang J, Xia C (2019) Onion structure optimizes attack robustness of interdependent networks. Stat Mech its Appl Physica A 122–374
Brax N, Amblard F (2018) A self-repairing solution for the resilience of networks to attacks and failures, pp 1–12
Poongodi T, Khan MS, Patan R, Gandomi AH, Balusamy B (2019) Robust defense scheme against selective drop attack in wireless Ad Hoc networks. IEEE Access 18409–18419
Zhong J, Zhang F, Li Z (2018) Identification of vital nodes in complex network via belief propagation and node reinsertion. IEEE Access 29200–29210
Wu J, Tan SY, Liu Z, Tan YJ, Lu X (2017) Enhancing structural robustness of scale-free networks by information disturbance. Sci Rep 7(1):7559
Liao F, Hayashi Y (2022) Emergence of robust and efficient networks in a family of attachment models. Physica A 599:127427
Cover TM, Thomas JA (2012) Elements of information theory. Wiley, New York, pp 1–774
Arellano-Verdejo J, Godoy-Calderon S, Alonso-Pecina F, Arenas AG, Cruz-Chavez MA (2017) A new efficient entropy population merging parallel model for evolutionary algorithms. Int J Comput Intell Syst 10(1):1186–1197
Hu S, Li G (2020) TMSE: a topology modification strategy to enhance the robustness of scale-free wireless sensor networks. Comput Commun 157:53–63
Xu Y, Mohammed AH (2023) An energy-aware resource management method in cloud-based Internet of Things using a multi-objective algorithm and crowding distance. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol 34(1):e4673
Zhang H, Mi Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Tan J (2023) A differential game approach for real-time security defense decision in scale-free networks. Comput Netw 109635
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, Z.A., Awais, M., Alghamdi, T.A. et al. Employing topology modification strategies in scale-free IoT networks for robustness optimization. Computing 106, 1845–1872 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-024-01273-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-024-01273-2