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Evaluating a privacy requirements specification method by using a mixed-method approach: results and lessons learned

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Abstract

Although agile software development (ASD) has been adopted in the industry, requirements approaches for ASD still neglect non-functional requirements. Privacy has become a concern due to new user demands and data protection laws. Hence, privacy needs to be properly specified, but agile requirements engineering techniques do not explicitly represent privacy requirements and, therefore, are not able to proper analyze such requirements. In this context, Privacy Criteria Method (PCM), an approach to specify privacy in requirements activities, was proposed to produce more complete and detailed privacy requirements. By considering PCM a promising approach to be used in ASD and the importance of empirical evaluation of new methods, we have as objectives: 1 evaluate the ability of PCM to support systems analysts in specifying privacy requirements when used in conjunction with some agile specification methods; and 2 show our lessons learned in conducting empirical research based on an mix-method approach defined to empirically evaluate the suitability of a requirements specification in specifying privacy requirements. Mixed-method approach is a controlled experiment as a quantitative evaluation and a feasibility study (questionnaire and task analysis based) study as a qualitative and quantitative evaluation. The requirements specifications following PCM allow to represent privacy aspects, such as user’s personal data and the privacy mechanism that can be used to mitigate a privacy risk scenario. We also observed that some extra time is necessary to specify privacy requirements with PCM, but it does not imply a greater perceived effort. Specifications produced with PCM are of good quality and more privacy detailed. Additionally, we attest to the importance of conducting empirical research to evaluate new methods. PCM assists in specifying more complete and detailed in relation to traditional techniques used in ASD, which facilitates communication between the requirements analysts and developers.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the study participants.

Funding

Part of this study was funded by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) (Finance Code 001) and the KKS foundation Profile Project ReThought.se. It was also supported by NOVA LINCS Research Laboratory (Ref. UID/CEC/04516/2019).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil

    Mariana Peixoto, Carla Silva, Alexandre Vasconcelos & Jéssyka Vilela

  2. Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal

    João Araújo

  3. Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH), Karlskrona, Sweden

    Tony Gorschek

Authors
  1. Mariana Peixoto
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  2. Carla Silva
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  3. João Araújo
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  4. Tony Gorschek
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  5. Alexandre Vasconcelos
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  6. Jéssyka Vilela
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Correspondence to Mariana Peixoto.

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Ethical considerations need to be addressed when research involves humans. Therefore, when the studies were scheduled, the participants were informed of the research objectives. In addition, the participants were informed that their identities would be kept confidential. Also they answered a informed consent document. Students in the experiment participated voluntarily. Students in the feasibility study received a partial grade. However, the partial grade had not enough weight in the student’s total grade, if he did not perform the specification satisfactorily.

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Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Appendix A: task of both studies

Students were asked to complete the task below.

Scenario

Virtual Movie Rental System The video store Imperial is undergoing a restructuring, that is, it will become a virtual movie rental company. Therefore, they need an information system to support the rental of movies. For their activities to be supported, it is necessary to control information about movies and customers. In addition, consultation facilities must be provided to the virtual collection of the rental company, allowing consultations for various information about the movies.

Imperial also decided to include some new features in the system. They are: Customized customer registration; Registration and monitoring of rental habits; Promotion presentation according to rental habits; and Sale of rental habits to third parties.

The system specification process has started, and the features in bold have already been specified:

  • 1. Control of movie information

    • a. Record movies.

  • 2. Control of customer information

    • a. Register customer;

    • b. Monitor rental habits;

    • c. Present promotion according to rental habits;

    • d. Selling rental habits to third parties.

  • 3.Movie consultation

    • a. Presentation of the catalog of movies and releases, with respective prices.

  • 4. Movie rental

    • a. Information for rental availability;

    • b. Devolution;

    • c. Register rent.

Below is further detail of each feature.

1. Control of movie information(Specification already made)

The system should allow making all movies available in the following formats: High Definition (HD) or Standard Definition (SD). The movies are also classified in the following genres: action, animation, adventure, comedy, documentary, drama, fiction, war, musical, police, romance, suspense, and terror. Also, the rental company distinguishes between movies in the catalog and release.

One wants to know about a movie: original title, country, year, direction, cast, synopsis, trailer, duration, IMDB rating, format, and genre.

2. Control of customer information (Specification not made)

a. Register customer (Specification not made)

To perform the registration, it is necessary to request the following registration information: name *, password *, e-mail *, address (name, number, neighborhood, city and zip code), education level *, workplace, telephone (cell phone and home), gender *, date of birth *, personal ID.

- Note 1: * Mandatory information.

- Note 2: The customer must be over 18 years old.

- Note 3: The customer must have the autonomy to delete the registration in the system at any time.

- Note 4: The data of customers who choose to delete the registration must be completely removed from the system.

- Note 5: It is necessary to inform the intention and ask for consent to monitor rental habits.

- Note 6: It is necessary for the customer to authorize the monitoring of rental habits according to the registration information (Personal ID).

- Note 7: It is necessary for the customer to authorize the sending of promotions according to rental habits and registration information (Personal ID).

- Note 8: It is necessary to inform the intention and ask for consent for the sale of rental habits.

- Note 9: It is necessary for the customer to authorize the sale of rental habits according to the registration information (Personal ID).

- Note 10: It is necessary for the system to provide security via one notification that personal information is being kept private.

b. Monitor rental habits (Specification not made)

In order to monitor rental habits, the system should allow making the following relationships:

  1. 1.

    Personal ID: Informational report on the number of rented items by movie genre.

  2. 2.

    Gender: Informative report on the number of rented items by movie genre.

  3. 3.

    Age: Information report on the number of rented items by movie genre.

  4. 4.

    Degree of instruction: Informative report on the number of items rented by movie genre.

- Note 9: It is necessary for the customer to be aware and present consent for the monitoring of rental habits (That is, note 5 must be satisfied).

- Note 11: It is necessary for the customer to authorize the monitoring of rental habits according to the Personal ID (That is, note 6 must be satisfied).

c. Present promotion according to rental habits (Specification not made)

The discount must occur according to: For every 5 items of the same genre of the movie: 15

The system must still send an automatic email with promotions to customers according to: Personal ID.

- Note 12: Promotions must be sent by email to customers who have authorized the sending of promotions (i.e., Note 7 must be satisfied).

d. Selling rental habits to third parties (Specification not made)

The sale of information to third parties will take place as follows:

1. Personal ID: Information report on the number of rented items by movie genre.

2. Gender: Informative report on the number of rented items by movie genre.

3. Age: Information report on the number of rented items by movie genre.

4. Education level: Information report on the number of leased items by gender.

- Note 13: The sale of shopping habits to third parties must occur to customers who have consented (That is, note 8 must be satisfied).

- Note 14: The sale of purchasing habits, according to the CPF, to third parties must take place for customers who have authorized (That is, note 9 must be satisfied).

- Note 15: Customers must be aware of the names of the third parties to whom their data is being sold (send information by e-mail).

3. Movie consultation (Specification already made)

The system should allow users to access the list of movies and releases, according to: original title, title in Portuguese, country of origin, year, direction, cast, synopsis, trailer, duration, IMDB rating format, genre, and price.

- Note 16: The user must be logged into the system with an access control system.

4. Movie rental (Specification partially made)

a. Information for rental availability (Specification already made)

The system should allow the renting of movies. The default rental values are given by the type of media being rented. Currently, the following amounts are charged: SD (5.00), HD (7.50), and launches have an increase of 50

b. Devolution (Specification already made)

The return of the rented movie must occur automatically, that is, the system must end the presentation of the rent. The deadline for return is one day for releases and three days for movies in the catalog.

c. Register rent (Specification not made)

To register the rent, it is necessary to register each item rented by title and associate them with the client’s personal ID.

- Note 16: The user must be logged into the system with an access control system.

- Note 17: It is necessary for the customer to authorize the registration of each rental item according to the personal ID.

Group 1 Task. Please carry out the specification of system requirements that have not yet been specified. Use User Story, Acceptance Criteria and Privacy Criteria to make the specification. Use the following formatting for User Story (US), Acceptance Criteria (CA) and Privacy Criteria (PC):

[US01] As a type of user, I want role, so<some reason/benefit

[CA01-01]

[CA01-02]

[CA01-03

.....

[PC-01]

Group 2 Task. Please carry out the specification of system requirements that have not yet been specified. Use User Story, Acceptance Criteria and Privacy Criteria to make the specification. Use the following formatting for User Story (US) and Acceptance Criteria (CA):

[US01] As a type of user, I want role, so<some reason/benefit

[CA01-01]

[CA01-02]

[CA01-03]

.....

[PC-01]

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Peixoto, M., Silva, C., Araújo, J. et al. Evaluating a privacy requirements specification method by using a mixed-method approach: results and lessons learned. Requirements Eng 28, 229–255 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-022-00388-2

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