Abstract
In this paper, we present an Augmented Reality (AR) system for aiding field workers of utility companies in outdoor tasks such as maintenance, planning or surveying of underground infrastructure. Our work addresses these issues using spatial interaction and visualization techniques for mobile AR applications and as well as for a new mobile device design. We also present results from evaluations of the prototype application for underground infrastructure spanning various user groups. Our application has been driven by feedback from industrial collaborators in the utility sector, and includes a translation tool for automatically importing data from utility company databases of underground assets.









Similar content being viewed by others
References
Höllerer T, Feiner S, Hallaway D, Bell B, Lanzagorta M, Brown D, Julier S, Baillot Y, Rosenblum L (2001) User interface management techniques for collaborative mobile augmented reality. In: Computers and graphics, vol 25, pp 799–810
Viega J, Conway M, Williams G, Pausch R (1996) 3D magic lenses. In: Proceedings of ACM symposium on user interface software and technology, pp 51–58
Mendez E, Kalkofen D, Schmalstieg D (2006) Interactive context-driven visualisation tools for augmented reality. In: Proceedings of ISMAR’06, Santa Barbara, 22–25 Oct 2006, pp 209–216
Furmanski C, Azuma R, Daily M (2002) Augmented-Reality visualizations guided by cognition: perceptual heuristics for combining visible and obscured information. In: International symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR), pp 215–224
Bane R, Höllerer T (2004) Interactive tools for virtual X-ray vision in mobile augmented reality. In: Proceedings of international symposium on mixed and augmented reality, pp 231–239
Roberts GW, Evans AJ, Dodson AH, Denby B, Cooper SJ, Hollands RJ (2002) The use of augmented reality, GPS and INS for subsurface data visualization. In: Proceedings of XXII international congress of the FIT, Washington DC
Feiner S, MacIntyre B, Höllerer T, Webster A (1997) A touring machine: prototyping 3D mobile augmented reality systems for exploring the urban environment. International symposium on wearable computers (ISWC’97), Cambridge, 13–14 Oct 1997
Rekimoto J NaviCam (2001) A palmtop device approach to augmented reality, In: Barfield W, Caudell T (eds) Fundamentals of wearable computers and augmented reality. Laurence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah
Wagner D, Schmalstieg D (2003) First steps towards handheld augmented reality. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on wearable computers (ISWC’03), USA, pp 127–135
Reitmayr G, Schmalstieg D (2004) Collaborative augmented reality for outdoor navigation and information browsing. In: Proceedings of symposium location based services and telecartography, Vienna
Schmalstieg D, Reitmayr G, Schall G, Newman J, Wagner D, Ledermann F, Barakonyi I (2007) Managing complex augmented reality models. In: IEEE computer graphics and applications (CG&A), Special issue on 3D documents, no 4
Reitinger B, Zach Ch, Schmalstieg D (2007) AR scouting for interactive 3D reconstruction. In: Proceedings of IEEE virtual reality, pp 219–222
Schall G et al (2007) Handheld geospatial augmented reality using urban 3D models. In: Proceedings of the workshop on mobile spatial Interaction, ACM international conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI2007), San Jose
Bier E, Stone M, Pier K, Buxton W, DeRose T (1993) Toolglass and magic lenses: the see-through interface. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, pp 73–80
Kruijff E, Veas E (2007) Vesp’R—transforming handheld augmented reality. In: Proceedings of international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR’07), Nara
Zhai S, P Milgram, Buxton W (1996) The influence of muscle groups on performance of multiple degree-of-freedom input. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI’96
Reitmayr G, Drummond T (2006) Going out: robust model-based tracking for outdoor augmented reality. In Proceedings of IEEE ISMAR’06, Santa Barbara
Kalkofen D, Mendez E, Schmalstieg D (2007) Interactive focus and context visualization for augmented reality. In: Proceedings of international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR’07), Nara
Julier S, Lanzagorta M, Baillo, Y, Rosenblum L, Feiner S, Hollerer T (2000) Information filtering for mobile augmented reality. In Proceedings of ISAR 2000, Munich, 5–6 Oct 2000, pp 3–11
Fröhlich P, Simon R, Baillie L, Roberts J, Murray-Smith R (2007) Mobile spatial interaction. In: Extended abstracts of CHI2007, conference on human factors in computing systems, San José
Acknowledgments
This work was sponsored by Österreichische Forschungs-förderungsgesellschaft FFG under contract no. BRIDGE 811000 and ASAP ARTIST 815531, the European Union under contract no. FP6-2004-IST-427571 and the Austrian Science Fund FWF under contract no. Y193 and W1209-N15. We thank VRVis Graz group for providing the 3D reconstruction library. We also thank GRINTEC GmbH and Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG for providing the relevant geospatial data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schall, G., Mendez, E., Kruijff, E. et al. Handheld Augmented Reality for underground infrastructure visualization. Pers Ubiquit Comput 13, 281–291 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-008-0204-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-008-0204-5