Skip to main content
Log in

Evaluation and exploration of RFID systems by rapid prototyping

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Today’s RFID systems exhibit relatively little functionality, while future systems and ubiquitous computing applications require an ample set of general purpose features, like wide communication ranges, high data rates, high reliability, and many more. In order to meet these high-performance goals, several challenges in state of the art RFID systems need to be managed: (1) the compatibility of RFID equipment, working according to different standards in various frequency domains, (2) the thorough understanding of the performance impact of physical layer system parameters, (3) the venture of novel wireless technologies in the context of RFID, and finally, (4) to deal with the increased complexity of high-performance RFID systems. Therefore, designers desire a highly configurable, flexible, and high-performance RFID environment to experimentally explore the underlying physical conditions and to evaluate novel RFID technologies and designs. This paper introduces the concept of rapid prototyping in RFID and provides a survey of system simulators, demonstrators, and rapid prototyping environments. A guideline for the setup for such a rapid prototyping system applicable for RFID is presented, and its implementation is demonstrated. Finally, some exemplary measurements carried out with this rapid prototyping system are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Michahelles F, Thiesse F, Schmidt A, Williams JR (2007) Pervasive RFID and near field communication technology. IEEE Pervasive Comput 6(3):94–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Hodges S, McFarlane D (2005) Radio frequency identification: technology, applications and impact. Auto-ID Labs White Paper Series 1

  3. Roberts CM (2006) Radio frequency identification (RFID). Comput Security 25(1):18–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Satpathy L, Mathew AJ (2006) RFID assistance system for faster book search in public libraries. In: Proceedings of the CHI ’06 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems, Montreal, pp 1289–1294

  5. Molnar D, Wagner D (2004) Privacy and security in library RFID: issues, practices and architectures. In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM conference on computer and communications security, Washington, DC, pp 210–219

  6. Gormish M (2005) Interaction between paper and electronic documents. In: Proceedings of DocEng ’05: ACM symposium on document engineering, Bristol

  7. Blythe P (1999) RFID for road tolling, road-use pricing and vehicle access control. IEE Colloquium on RFID Technology (Ref. No. 1999/123)

  8. Finkenzeller K (2004) RFID handbook, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York. ISBN 0-470-84402-7

  9. Rao KVS (1999) An overview of backscattered radio frequency identification system (RFID). In: Proceedings of the microwave conference, 1999 Asia Pacific, vol 3, pp 746–749

  10. Stockman H (1948) Communication by means of reflected power. Proc IRE 36(10):1196–1204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Nikitin PV, Rao KVS, Martinez RD (2007) Differential RCS of RFID tag. Electron Lett 43(8):431–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Floerkemeier C, Lampe M (2004) Issues with RFID usage in ubiquitous computing applications. In: Lecture notes in computer science, pervasive computing, volume 3001/2004, pp 188–193. Springer, Berlin. ISBN: 978-3-540-21835-7

  13. Nikitin PV, Rao KVS (Jul. 2006) Performance limitations of passive UHF RFID systems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE antennas and propagation society international symposium, pp 1011–1014

  14. Penttila K, Sydanheimo L, Kivikoski M (Apr. 2004) Performance development of a high-speed automatic object identification using passive RFID technology. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, vol 5, pp 4864–4868

  15. Mohammed N, Sivakumar M, Deavours DD (2009) An RFID tag capable of free-space and on-metal operation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE radio and wireless symposium, San Diego

  16. Nikitin PV, Rao KVS (2009) Effect of gen2 protocol parameters on RFID tag performance. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on RFID

  17. Griffin JD, Durgin GD (2007) Link envelope correlation in the backscatter channel. IEEE Commun Lett 11(9):735–737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Griffin JD, Durgin GD (2008) Gains for RF tags using multiple antennas. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 56(2):563–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kim DY, Jo HS, Yoon H, Mun C, Jang BJ, Yook JG (2010) Reverse-link interrogation range of a UHF MIMO-RFID system in nakagami- m fading channels. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 57(4):1468–1477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Janka RS (2002) Specification and design methodology for real-time embedded systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Angerer C, Langwieser R, Rupp M (Sept. 2010) Direction of arrival estimation by phased arrays in RFID. In: Proceedings of the third international EURASIP workshop on RFID technology, Spain

  22. Bueno Delgado MV, Angerer C, Vales Alonso J, Rupp M (2010) Estimation of the tag population with physical layer collision recovery. In: Proceedings of the third international EURASIP workshop on RFID technology, Spain

  23. Angerer C, Langwieser R, Rupp M (2010) RFID reader receivers for physical layer collision recovery. IEEE Trans Commun 58(12):3526–3537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Rupp M, Mehlführer C, Caban S, Langwieser R, Mayer LW, Scholtz AL (2006) Testbeds and rapid prototyping in wireless system design. EURASIP Newsl 17(3):32–50

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kim D, Ingram MA, Smith WW (2003) Measurements of small-scale fading and path loss for long range RF tags. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 51(8):1740–1749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lázaro A, Girbau D, Salinas D (2009) Radio link budgets for UHF RFID on multipath environments. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 57(4):1241–1251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Griffin JD, Durgin GD (Apr. 2009) Multipath fading measurements for multi-antenna backscatter RFID at 5.8 GHz. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on RFID, pp 322 –329

  28. Mayer LW, Wrulich M, Caban S (2006) Measurement and channel modeling for short range indoor UHF applications. In: Proceedings of European conference on antennas and propagation (EuCAP), Nice

  29. Nikitin PV, Rao KVS (2007) Performance of RFID tags with multiple RF ports. In: Proceedings of the IEEE antennas and propagation society international symposium, pp 5459–5462

  30. Angerer C, Langwieser R, Maier G, Rupp M (2009) Maximal ratio combining receivers for dual antenna RFID readers. In: Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S international microwave workshop series on wireless sensing, local positioning and RFID, Cavtat

  31. Kin SL, Mun NL, Cole PH (March 2006) Operational considerations in simulation and deployment of RFID systems. In: Proceedings of the 17th international Zurich symposium on electromagnetic compatibility, Singapore, pp 521–524

  32. Belanovic P, Knerr B, Holzer M, Sauzon G, Rupp M (2005) A consistent design methodology for wireless embedded systems. EURASIP J Appl Signal Process 2005(16):2598–2612

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. Belanovic P, Holzer M, Micusik D, Rupp M (2003) Design methodology of signal processing algorithms in wireless systems. In: Proceedings of the international conference on computer, communication and control technologies, pp 288–291

  34. Holzer M, Knerr B, Belanović P, Rupp M (2006) Efficient design methods for embedded communication systems. EURASIP J Embed Syst 2006(1):21–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Derbek V, Steger C, Weiß R, Wischounig D, Preishuber-Pfluegl J, Pistauer M (2007) Simulation platform for UHF RFID. In: Proceedings of the design, automation and test in Europe—conference and exhibition, Nice

  36. Derbek V, Steger C, Kajtazovic S, Preishuber-Pfluegl J, Pistauer M (2005) Behavioral model of UHF RFID tag for system and application level simulation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international behavioral modeling and simulation workshop, pp 60–63

  37. Janek A, Steger C, Weiss R, Preishuber-Pfluegl J, Pistauer M (2008) Functional verification of future higher class UHF RFID tag architectures based on cosimulation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on RFID, Las Vegas, pp 336–343

  38. Mayordomo I, Roc Berenguer, Valderas D, de No J, Guruceaga I, Gutierrez I (2007) A passive RFID system design and analysis focused on reader performance. In: Proceedings of the conference on design of circuits and integrated systems, DCIS 2007

  39. Beroulle V, Khouri R, Vuong T, Tedjini S (2003) Behavioral modeling and simulation of antennas: radio-frequency identification case study. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on behavioral modeling and simulation, pp 102–106

  40. Grosinger J, Mayer LW, Mecklenbräuker C, Scholtz AL (2009) Determining the dielectric properties of a car tire for an advanced tire monitoring system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE vehicular technology conference, Anchorage

  41. Floerkemeier C, Pappu R (2008) Evaluation of RFIDSim—a physical and logical layer RFID simulation engine. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on RFID, Las Vegas

  42. Angerer C, Holzer M, Knerr B, Rupp M (2008) A flexible dual frequency testbed for RFID. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on testbeds and research infrastructures for the development of networks & communities, Innsbruck

  43. Mutti C, Wittneben A (Sept. 2007) Robust signal detection in passives RFID systems. In: Proceedings of the first international EURASIP workshop on RFID technology, Vienna, pp 39–42

  44. Han Y, Lin Q, Min H (2006) System modelling and simulation of RFID. AutoID Labs White paper. http://www.autoidlabs.org

  45. Engels DW, Sarma SE (2002) The reader collision problem. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics, vol 3

  46. Vogt H (Oct. 2002) Multiple object identification with passive RFID tags. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics, vol 3

  47. Knerr B, Holzer M, Angerer C, Rupp M (June 2008) Slot-by-slot maximum likelihood estimation of tag populations in framed slotted aloha protocols. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on performance evaluation of computer and telecommunication systems, Edinburgh, pp 303–308

  48. Floerkemeier C (2006) Transmission control scheme for fast RFID object identification. In: Proceedings of the pervasive computing and communications workshops, Pisa

  49. Knerr B, Holzer M, Angerer C, Rupp M (2010) Slot-wise maximum likelihood estimation of the tag population size in FSA protocols. IEEE Trans Commun 58(2):578–585

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kin SL, Mun nL, Grasso AR, Cole PH (Jan. 2006) Synchronization of RFID readers for dense RFID reader environments. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on applications and the internet workshops, Phoenix

  51. Bueno-Delgado MV, Vales-Alonso J, Gonzalez-Castano FJ (2009) Analysis of DFSA anti-collision protocols in passive RFID environments. In: Proceedings of the 35th annual conference of the IEEE industial electronics society (IECON), Porto

  52. Bueno-Delgado MV, Vales-Alonso J, Angerer C, Rupp M (2010) A comparative study of RFID schedulers in dense reader environments. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on industrial technologies, Vina del Mar

  53. Egea-Lopez E, Bueno-Delgado MV, Vales-Alonso J, Garcia-Haro J, Martinez-Sala AS, Costas-Rodriguez S, Gil-Castineira F, Lopez-Bravo C, Gonzalez-Castano FJ (2007) On the implementation of a multi-reader radio frequency identification (RFID) architecture. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics, pp 2562–2566

  54. Hawrylak PJ, Ogirala A, Cain JT, Mickle MH (2008) Automated test system for ISO 18000-7—active RFID. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on RFID, Las Vegas, pp 9–18

  55. Bertocco M, Dalla Chiara A, Gamba G, Sona A (2009) Experimental analysis of UHF RFID impairments and performance. In: Proceedings of the IEEE instrumentation and measurement technology conference

  56. Nikitin PV, Martinez R, Ramamurthy S, Leland H, Spiess G, Rao KVS (2010) Phase based spatial identification of UHF RFID tags. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on RFID

  57. Jones AK, Hoare R, Dontharaju S, Tung S, Sprang R, Fazekas J, Cain JT, Mickle MH (2007) An automated, FPGA-based reconfigurable, low-power RFID tag. Microprocess Microsyst 31(2):116–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Jones AK, Dontharaju S, Tung S, Mats L, Hawrylak PJ, Hoare RR, Cain JT, Mickle MH (2008) Radio frequency identification prototyping. ACM Trans Design Autom Electron Syst 13(2):1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Angerer C, Knerr B, Holzer M, Adalan A, Rupp M (2007) Flexible simulation and prototyping for RFID designs. In: Proceedings of the first international EURASIP workshop on RFID technology, Vienna, pp 51–54

  60. Knerr B, Holzer M, Belanovic P, Sauzon G, Rupp M (2004) Advanced UMTS receiver chip design using virtual prototyping. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on signals, systems and electronics, Linz

  61. Tung S, Jones AK (April 2008) Physical layer design automation for RFID systems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on parallel and distributed processing, Miami, pp 1–8

  62. Angerer C, Rupp M (2009) Advanced synchronisation and decoding in RFID reader receivers. In: Proceedings of the IEEE radio and wireless symposium, San Diego

  63. Jones AK, Hoare RR, Dontharaju SR, Tung S, Sprang R, Fazekas J, Cain JT, Mickle MH (2006) A field programmable RFID tag and associated design flow. In: Proceedings of the 14th annual IEEE symposium on field-programmable custom computing machines, Napa, pp 165–174

  64. Nikitin PV, Rao KVS (2009) LabVIEW-based UHF RFID tag test and measurement system. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 56(7):2374–2381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Rupp M, Burg A, Beck E (2003) Rapid prototyping for wireless designs: the five-ones approach. Signal Process 83(7):1427–1444

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  66. Belanovic P, Rupp M (2005) Automated floating-point to fixed-point conversion with the fixify environment. In: Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international workshop on rapid system prototyping, pp 172–178

  67. Kaiser T, Wilzeck A, Berentsen M, Rupp M (2004) Prototyping for MIMO systems—an overview. In: Proceedings of the XII European signal processing conference, Vienna, pp 681–688

  68. Vasilko M, Machacek L, Matej M, Stepien P, Holloway S (2001) A rapid prototyping methodology and platform for seamless communication systems. In: Proceedings of the 12th international workshop on rapid system prototyping, Monterey, pp 70–76

  69. Lasser G, Langwieser R, Scholtz AL (2009) Broadband suppression properties of active leaking carrier cancellers. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on RFID, Orlando

  70. Mayer LW, Langwieser R, Scholtz AL (Sept. 2009) Evaluation of passive carrier-suppression techniques for UHF RFID systems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S international microwave workshop on wireless sensing, local positioning and RFID, Cavtat

  71. EPCGlobal (2006) EPC Global HF Air Interface Version 2, Document Version 0.1

  72. EPCGlobal (2008) EPC radio-frequency identity protocols class-1 generation-2 UHF RFID, Version 1.2.0. http://www.epcglobalinc.org

  73. ISO/IEC (2000) ISO/IEC 15693, identification cards—contactless integrated circuit cards—vicinity cards

  74. Liu Y, Huang C, Min H, Li G, Han Y (2007) Digital correlation demodulator design for RFID reader receiver. In: Proceedings of the wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC 2007), Kowloon, pp 1664–1668

  75. Angerer C (2008) A digital receiver architecture for RFID readers. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 3rd international symposium on industrial embedded systems, Montpellier, pp 97–102

  76. Huang C, Min H (2006) A new method of synchronization for RFID digital receivers. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on solid-state and integrated circuit technology, 2006. ICSICT ’06, Shanghai, pp 1595–1597

  77. Angerer C (2010) Design and exploration of RFID systems by rapid prototyping. PhD thesis, Vienna University of Technology. http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_187386.pdf

  78. Langwieser R, Lasser G, Angerer C, Rupp M, Scholtz AL (2008) A modular UHF reader frontend for a flexible RFID testbed. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international EURASIP workshop on RFID technology, Budapest

  79. Laskar J, Matinpour B, Chakraborty S (2004) Modern receiver front-ends. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  80. Poberezhskiy YS, Poberezhskiy GY (2005) Flexible analog front ends of reconfigurable radios based on sampling and reconstruction with internal filtering. EURASIP J Wireless Commun Netw 2005(3):364–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Curty JP, Declercq M, Dehollain C, Joehl N (2007) Design and optimization of passive UHF RFID systems. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, New York. ISBN 0-387-35274-0

  82. Choi K, Eo Y, Jung S, Kwon I, Lee HB, Kim Yj (2007) A fully integrated CMOS RF transmitter for UHF mobile RFID reader applications. In: Proceedings of EuRAD 2007: European radar conference, Munich, pp 369–372

  83. Kipnis I, Chiu S, Loyer M, Carrigan J, Rapp J, Johansson P, Westberg D, Johansson J (2007) A 900 MHz UHF RFID reader transceiver IC. In: Proceedings of ISSCC 2007. Digest of technical papers. IEEE international solid-state circuits conference, pp 214–598

  84. Ying C, Fu-hong Z (2008) A system design for UHF RFID reader. In: Proceedings of ICCT 2008: 11th IEEE international conference on communication technology, Hangzhou, pp 301–304

  85. Xiaohua W, Xiaoguang Z, Baisheng S (Aug. 2007) Design for UHF RFID reader and selection for key parts. In: IEEE international conference on automation and logistics, pp 2913–2916

  86. Penttilä K, Sydänheimo L, Kivikoski M (2006) Implementation of Tx/Rx isolation in an RFID reader. Int J Radio Frequency Identification Technol Appl 1(1):74–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Kim W-K, Lee M-Q, Kim J-H, Lim H-S, Yu J-W, Jang B-J, Park J-S (2006) A passive circulator with high isolation using a directional coupler for RFID. In: IEEE MTT-S international microwave symposium digest, pp 1177–1180

  88. Langwieser R, Lasser G, Angerer C, Fischer M, Scholtz AL (May 2010) Active carrier compensation for a multi-antenna RFID reader frontend. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international microwave symposium, Anaheim

  89. Angerer C, Langwieser R (2009) Flexible evaluation of RFID system parameters using rapid prototyping. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international confenerence on RFID, Orlando

  90. Impinj (2005) Impinj Monza EPCglobal Generation 2 RFID, Datasheet

  91. Mayer LW, Scholtz AL (2008) Sensitivity and impedance measurements on UHF RFID transponder chips. In: Proceedings of the second international EURASIP workshop on RFID technology, Budapest

  92. Missoni A, Klapf C, Holweg G (2007) Dual frequency comprehensive transponder with inverse load modulation. In: Proceedings of the first international EURASIP workshop on RFID technology, Vienna, pp 5–8

  93. Missoni A, Klapf C, Pribyl W, Guenter H, Holweg G (2008) A triple-band passive RFID tag. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international solid-state circuits conference, San Francisco

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work has been funded by the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Wireless Technologies for Sustainable Mobility, the Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth and the National Foundation for Research, Technology and Development of Austria. Furthermore, the authors thank Christoph Mecklenbräuker for his valuable support and our industrial partner Infineon for enabling that work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christoph Angerer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Angerer, C., Langwieser, R. & Rupp, M. Evaluation and exploration of RFID systems by rapid prototyping. Pers Ubiquit Comput 16, 309–321 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0391-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0391-3

Keywords

Navigation