Skip to main content
Log in

The design and implementation of Neuma, a collaborative Digital Scores Library

Requirements, architecture, and models

  • Published:
International Journal on Digital Libraries Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents the design and implementation of the Neuma platform, a digital library devoted to the preservation and dissemination of symbolic music content (scores). Neuma is open to musicologists, musicians, and music publishers. It consists of a repository dedicated to the storage of large collections of digital scores, where users/applications can upload their documents. It also proposes services to publish, annotate, query, transform, and analyze scores. The long-term goal of the project is to enable an open and collaborative space where musician communities will be able to share music in symbolic notation. The project is organized around the French IRPMF institute (BnF–CNRS) which chooses and produces collections (or corpora), collects and organizes user requirements, and validates new publications. We describe the architecture of Neuma and develop some of its salient features: score modeling annotations, search and transformation language, collaborative and community tools, and digital rights preservation. We illustrate these features with two collections published by Neuma, and discuss the impact of such on-line score collections from a musicological perspective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abiteboul S., Buneman P., Suciu D.: Data on the Web: From Relations to Semistructured Data and XML. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Abrouk, L., Audéon, H., Cullot, N., Davy-Rigaux, C., Faget, Z., Gross-Amblard, D., Lee, H., Rigaux, P., Tacaille, A., Gavignet, E., Thion-Goasdoué, V.: The Neuma Project: Towards On-line Music Score Libraries. In: International Workshop on Exploring Musical Information Spaces (WEMIS’09) (2009)

  3. Abrouk, L., Cullot, N., Gavignet, E., Gross-Amblard, D., Lee, H.: Neuma Ontology Specification. Technical report, ANR-08 NEUMA (Network Enabled & User Friendly Analysis Tools) Deliverable (2010). http://neuma.irpmf-cnrs.fr

  4. Abrouk, L., Gross-Amblard, D., Cullot, N., Thion-Goasdoué, V.: Tagging resources, tagging communities. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, pp. 1253–1254 (2010)

  5. Agosti, M., Ferro, N.: A System architecture as a support to a flexible annotation service. In: DELOS Workshop: Digital Library Architectures (2004)

  6. Agosti, M., Albrechtsen, H., Ferro, N., Frommholz, I., Hansen, P., Orio, N., Panizzi, E., Pejtersen, A.M., Thiel, U.: DiLAS: a digital library annotation service. In: International Workshop on Annotation for Collaboration (2005)

  7. Allan, H., Müllensiefen, D., Wiggins, G.A.: Methodological considerations in studies of musical similarity. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2007)

  8. Aloupis, G., Fevens, T., Langerman, S., Matsui, T., Mesa, A., Rappaport, D., Toussaint, G.T.: Computing a geometric measure of the similarity between two melodies. In: Proceedings of 15th Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry, pp. 81–84 (2003)

  9. Anglade, A., Tiemann, M., Vignoli, F.: Virtual communities for creating shared music channels. In: Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (2007)

  10. Berman, T., Downie, J.S., Berman, B.: Beyond error tolerance: finding thematic similarities in music digital libraries. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 463–466 (2006)

  11. Carey, M.J., Kossmann, D.: On Saying ‘Enough Already!’ in SQL. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD Symposium on the Management of Data, pp. 219–230 (1997)

  12. Celma, O., Ramírez, M., Herrera, P.: Getting music recommendations and filtering newsfeeds from FOAF descriptions. In: 1st Workshop on Scripting for the Semantic Web co-located with the 2nd European Semantic Web Conference (2005)

  13. Clifford, J., Tansel, A.U.: On an algebra for historical relational databases: Two views. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD Symposium on the Management of Data, pp. 247–265 (1985)

  14. Constantin, C., du Mouza, C., Faget, Z., Rigaux, P.: The Melodic Signature Index for Fast Content-based Retrieval of Symbolic Scores. In: International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR’11), pp. 363–368 (2011)

  15. Downie J.: Music information retrieval. Annu. Rev. Inf. Sci. Technol. 37, 295–340 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Downie, J.S., Nelson, M.: Evaluation of a simple and effective music information retrieval method. In: Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Information Retrieval (2000)

  17. Dreyer, W., Dittrich, A.K., Schmidt, D.: An object-oriented data model for a time series management system. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Databases (SSDBM), pp. 186–195 (1994)

  18. Faget, Z., Gross-Amblard, D., Rigaux, P., Thion-Goasdoué, V.: Modeling synchronized time series. In: Proceedings of International Database Engineering and Applications Symposium (IDEAS) (2010)

  19. Faget, Z., Rigaux, P.: A database approach to symbolic music content management. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval (CMMR) (2010)

  20. Ferrara A., Ludovico L.A., Montanelli S., Castano S., Haus G.: A semantic web ontology for context-based classification and retrieval of music resources. TOMCCAP 2(3), 177–198 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Firan, C.S., Nejdl, W., Paiu, R.: The benefit of using tag-based profiles. In: LA-WEB’07: Proceedings of the 2007 Latin American Web Conference, pp. 32–41. IEEE Computer Society, Washington (2007)

  22. Funk, W., Schmucker, M.: High capacity information hiding in music scores. In: International Conference on WEB Delivering of Music, pp. 12–19 (2001)

  23. Ganseman, J., Scheunders, P., D’haes, W.: Using XQuery on MusicXML databases for musicological analysis. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2008)

  24. Global Chant Database. http://www.globalchant.org/

  25. Good, M.: Representing music using xml. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2000)

  26. Good, M.: MusicXML for Notation and Analysis. In: Hewlett, W.B., and Selfridge-Field, E. (eds.) Music Analysis East and West, pp. 113–124. MIT Press, MA Cambridge (2001)

  27. Gross-Amblard, D., Rigaux, P., Abrouk, L., Cullot, N.: Fingering watermarking in symbolic digital scores. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2009)

  28. Haus G., Longari M., Pollstri E.: A score-driven approach to music information retrieval. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 55, 1045–1052 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hewlett, W.B.: Beyond MIDI—The Handbook of Musical Codes, chap. MuseData: Multipurpose Representation, pp. 402–450 MIT Press, MA Cambridge (1997)

  30. Hoos, H.H., Hamel, K.A., Renz, K., Kilian, J.: The GUIDO Music Notation Format—a novel approach for adequately representing score-level music. In: Proceedings of International Computer Music Conference (ICMC), pp. 451–454 (1998)

  31. Hoos H.H., Renz K., Görg, M.: Guido/mir—an experimental musical information retrisystem based on guido music notation. In: ISMIR, pp. 41–50 (2001)

  32. Huron, D.: Beyond MIDI—The Handbook of Musical Codes, chap. Humdrum and Kern: Selective Feature Encoding, pp. 375–401. The MIT Press, MA Cambridge (1997)

  33. Jang, J.-S.R., Lee, H.-R., Chen, J.-C.: Super MBox: an efficient/effective content-based music retrieval system. In: ACM Multimedia, pp. 636–637 (2001)

  34. Jones, M.C., Downie, J.S., Ehmann, A.F.: Human similarity judgments: implications for the design of formal evaluations. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2007)

  35. Jordà à, S., Wüst, O.: A system for collaborative music composition over the web. In: DEXA’01: Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, p. 537. IEEE Computer Society, Washington (2001)

  36. Keiper, J., Brocks, H., Dirsch-Weigand, A., Stein, A., Thiel, U.: COLLATE—a web-based collaboratory for content-based access to and work with digitized cultural material. In: International Cultural Heritage Informatics Meeting (ICHIM), pp. 495–511 (2001)

  37. Keogh E.J., Ratanamahatana C.A.: Exact Indexing of dynamic time warping. Knowl. Inf. Syst. 7(3), 358–386 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Knopke, I.: The perlhumdrum and perllilypond toolkits for symbolic music information retrieval. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2008)

  39. Kuuskankare, M., Laurson, M.: Expressive notation package—an overview. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2004)

  40. Kuuskankare, M., Laurson, M.: Annotating musical scores in ENP. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2005)

  41. Lee J.Y., Elmasri, R.: An EER-based conceptual model and query language for time-series data. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, pp. 21–34 (1998)

  42. Lerner, A., Shasha, D.: AQuery: query language for ordered data, optimization techniques, and experiments. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB), pp. 367–378 (2003)

  43. Liu N.-H., Lai S.-W., Chen C.-Y., Hsieh S.-J.: Adaptive music recommendation based on user behavior in time slot. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Security (IJCSNS) 9(02), 219–227 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Melucci, M., Orio, N.: Evaluating automatic melody segmentation aimed at music information retrieval. In: Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (2002)

  45. Mml. http://www.musicmarkup.info/

  46. Monsignori, M., Nesi, P., Spinu, M.B.: Watermarking music sheets. In: Proceedings of the Second IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia (PCM), pp. 646–653, Springer, London (2001)

  47. Muller M.: Information Retrieval for Music and Motion. Springer, Berlin (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  48. MusicXML. Web site. http://www.musicxml.org

  49. Musipedia. http://www.musipedia.org

  50. Myna, A.N., Chaitra, V., Smitha, K.S.: Melody information retrieval system using dynamic time warping. In Burgin, M., Chowdhury, M.H., Ham, C.H., Ludwig, S.A., Su, W., Yenduri, S. (eds.) CSIE (5), pp. 266–270. IEEE Computer Society, Washington (2009)

  51. Olson, T.A., Downie, J.S.: Chopin early editions: The construction and usage of a collection of digital scores. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2003)

  52. Online Music Recognition and Searching (OMRAS) project. http://www.omras.org

  53. Ontology-driven Music Retrieval and Annotation Sharing Service (OMRAS2) project. http://www.omras2.org

  54. Orio, N., Rodà à, A: A measure of melodic similarity based on a graph representation of the music structure. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2009)

  55. Rafailidis, D., Nanopoulos, A., Cambouropoulos, E., Manolopoulos, Y.: Detection of stream segments in symbolic musical data. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2008)

  56. Raimond, Y., Abdallah, S., Sandler, M., Giasson, F.: The music ontology. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR), pp. 417–422 (2007)

  57. Ramakrishnan, R., Donjerkovic, D., Ranganathan, A., Beyer, K.S., Krishnaprasad, M.: SRQL: Sorted Relational Query Language. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Databases (SSDBM), pp. 84–95. IEEE Computer Society, Washington (1998)

  58. Renz, K.: Algorithms and data structures for a music notation system based on GUIDO music notation. PhD thesis, Darmstadt University of Technology (2002)

  59. Sapp, C.S.: Online database of scores in the Humdrum file format. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2005)

  60. Schmucker, M.: Capacity improvement of a blind symbolic music score watermarking technique. In: Wong, W.P. (ed.) Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IV, number 4675 in Proceedings of Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, pp. 206–213. SPIE, Washington (2002)

  61. Schmucker, M., Yan, H.: Music Score Watermarking by Clef Modifications. In: Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents V, Proceedings of Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, pp. 403–412. SPIE, Washington (2003)

  62. Schmucker, M., Busch, C., Pant, A.: Digital watermarking for the protection of music scores. In W. P. Wong, editor, In: Wong, W.P. (ed.) Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, number 4675 in Proceedings of Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, pp. 85–95 SPIE, Washington (2001)

  63. Schneider, H.: La Clef des chansonniers (1717). Erweitere kritische Neuausgabe. Musikwissenschaftliche Publikationen, 25—Hildesheim, Zürich. Olms, New York (2005)

  64. Segev A., Chandra R.: A data model for time-series analysis. In: Adam, N.R., Bhargava, B.K. (eds) Advanced Database Systems, vol. 759 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 191–212. Springer, Berlin (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Segev, A., Shoshani, A.: The representation of a temporal data model in the relational environment. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Databases (SSDBM) (1988)

  66. Segev, A., Shoshani, A.: A temporal data model based on time sequences. In: Tansel, A.U. et al. (eds.) Temporal Databases. Benjamins/Cummings, Redwood City (1993)

  67. Selfridge-Field, E.: Beyond MIDI—The Handbook of Musical Codes, chap. DARMS, Its Dialects, and Its Uses, pp. 163–174, The MIT Press, MA Cambridge (1997)

  68. Seshadri, P., Livny, M., Ramakrishnan, R.: Sequence query processing. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD Symposium on the Management of Data, pp. 430–441. ACM Press, New York (1994)

  69. Seshadri, P., Livny, M., Ramakrishnan, R.: The design and implementation of a sequence database system. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB), pp. 99–110. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1996)

  70. Stablein, B.: Hymnen I. Die mittelalterlichen Hymnenmelodien des Abendlandes. Monumenta Monodica Medii Aevi 1 (1956)

  71. The Computerized Mensural Music Editing Project (CMME). http://www.cmme.org

  72. Typke, R.: Music retrieval based on melodic similarity. PhD thesis, Utrecht University, Netherlands (2007)

  73. Typke, R., Wiering, F., Veltkamp, R.C.: A Survey Of Music Information Retrieval Systems. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2005)

  74. Veltkamp R.C., Wiering F., Typke R.: Content based music retrieval. In: Furht, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Multimedia, Springer, Berlin (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Weyde, T.: On the influence of pitch on melodic segmentation. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR) (2004)

  76. Witten I., Moffat A., Bell T.: Managing Gigabytes: Compressing and Indexing Documents and Images. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Yoshii, K., Goto, M., Komatani, K., Ogata, T., Okuno, H.G.: Hybrid collaborative and content-based music recommendation using probabilistic model with latent user preferences. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR), pp. 296–301 (2006)

  78. Zhu, Y., Shasha, D.: Warping indexes with envelope transforms for query by Humming. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD Symposium on the Management of Data, pp. 181–192 (2003)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Rigaux.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rigaux, P., Abrouk, L., Audéon, H. et al. The design and implementation of Neuma, a collaborative Digital Scores Library. Int J Digit Libr 12, 73–88 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-012-0089-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-012-0089-9

Keywords

Navigation