Abstract
Here, we report the multicomponent assembly and disassembly processes involving DNA strand displacement to construct molecular robots. The framework for development of molecular robots designates the components as parts of the robot. Molecular recognition is used to control the reversible processes of assembly and disassembly of multiple components. The molecular recognition system identifies not only a single-strand DNA but also a microribonucleic acid as molecular stimuli to control the processes. The processes were demonstrated by gel electrophoresis, fluorescence assays, and atomic force microscopy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Boghossian AA (2012) An engineering analysis of natural and biomimetic self-repair processes for solar energy harvesting. Thesis (Ph. D.) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering (2012)
Ham MH et al (2010) Photoelectrochemical complexes for solar energy conversion that chemically and autonomously regenerate. Nature Chem 2(11):929–936
Zhang J et al (2013) Molecular recognition using corona phase complexes made of synthetic polymers adsorbed on carbon nanotubes. Nature Nanotechnol 8(12):959–968
Kumar M, Ahmad T, Sharma A, Mabalirajan U, Kulshreshtha A, Agrawal A, Ghosh G (2011) Let-7 microRNA-mediated regulation of IL-13 and allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 128(5):1077–1085
Reif J, Chandran H, Gopalkrishnan N, LaBean T (2012) Self-assembled DNA nanostructures and DNA devices. In: Cabrini S, Kawata S (eds) Nanofabrication handbook. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, New York
Murata S, Konagaya A, Kobayashi S, Saito H, Hagiya M (2013) Molecular robotics: a new paradigm for artifacts. New Gener Comput 31(1):27–45
Benenson Y, Paz-Elizur T, Adar R, Keinan E, Livneh Z, Shapiro E (2001) Programmable and autonomous computing machine made of biomolecules. Nature 414(6862):430–434
Mavroidis C, Ferreira A (2013) Nanorobotics: current approaches and techniques. Springer Science and Business Media, Berlin
Zhang F, Nangreave J, Liu Y, Yan H (2014) Structural DNA nanotechnology: state of the art and future perspective. J Am Chem Soc 136(32):11198–11211
Kallenbach NR, Ma RI, Seeman NC (1983) An immobile nucleic acid junction constructed from oligonucleotides. Nature 305:829–831
Winfree E, Liu F, Wenzler LA, Seeman NC (1998) Design and self-assembly of two-dimensional DNA crystals. Nature 394:539–544
Fu TJ, Seeman NC (1993) DNA double-crossover molecules. Biochemistry 32:3211–3220
Rothemund PWK (2006) Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns. Nature 440:279–302
Gothelf KV (2012) LEGO-like DNA structures. Science 338(6111):1159–1160
Ke Y, Ong LL, Shih WM, Yin P (2012) Three-dimensional structures self-assembled from DNA bricks. Science 338:1177
Zhang DY, Winfree E (2009) Control of DNA strand displacement kinetics using toehold exchange. J Am Chem Soc 131(47):17303–17314
Gilpin K, Rus D (2010) Modular robot systems: from self-assembly to self-disassembly. IEEE Robot Autom Mag 17(3):38–53
Zhang DY (2010) Thesis: dynamic DNA strand displacement circuits. California Institute of Technology, California (2010)
Seeman NC (2005) Structural DNA nanotechnology. In: NanoBiotechnology protocols. Humana Press, New York, pp 143–166
Brooks A, Kaupp T, Makarenko A, Williams S, Oreback A (2005) Towards component-based robotics. In: Intelligent robots and systems, IEEE/RSJ international conference, pp 163–168
Yurke B, Turberfield AJ, Mills AP, Simmel FC, Neumann JL (2000) A DNA-fuelled molecular machine made of DNA. Nature 406(6796):605–608
NUPACK—Nucleic Acid Package (2014). http://www.nupack.org/. Accessed 19 Nov 2014
Visual DSD—a design and analysis tool for DNA strand displacement systems (2014). http://boson.research.microsoft.com/webdna/. Accessed on 19 Nov 2014
Medina PP, Nolde M, Slack FJ (2010) OncomiR addiction in an in vivo model of microRNA-21-induced pre-B-cell lymphoma. Nature 467(7311):86–90
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Number: 22220001) from The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan. The first author acknowledges financial support from the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of The Republic of Indonesia. We are grateful to the reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was presented in part at the 20th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Beppu, Oita, January 21–23, 2015.
About this article
Cite this article
Adi, W., Sekiyama, K. Controlling the reversible assembly/disassembly of multicomponent using molecular recognition in molecular robots. Artif Life Robotics 20, 228–236 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10015-015-0225-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10015-015-0225-x