Abstract
This paper presents a virtual planning and training system for brachytherapy based on virtual reality (VR). The purpose of this system is to facilitate preplanning and help doctors to more quickly and easily improve their skills in brachytherapy surgery. For unskilled doctors, this system can increase confidence and support the successful completion of surgery. The system is based on a VR system that can deliver a fully immersive training environment and involves three functions: simulation of the relocation template, arrangement of the puncture needles and the implantation of the seeds. We used Student’s t test to verify the efficiency of the system. Participants were required to complete both the training and a questionnaire to supply feedback. The participants subsequently performed simulation surgery on a dummy and reviewed their cumulative errors compared with the ideal condition. The results demonstrate that this VR system is able to effectively train unskilled doctors, especially young doctors. This system is appreciated by a variety of people, especially inexperienced and younger users, as it is easy to use and provides an enjoyable learning experience.










Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
Bhagat KK, Liou W-K, Chang C-Y (2016) A cost-effective interactive 3D virtual reality system applied to military live firing training. Virtual Real 20:127–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-016-0284-x
Bouhelal AA, Patel HRH, Farhanandfar RM, Benjamin AM, AlAraimi BS, Addala M, Patel B (2012) Minimal invasive surgery skills acquisition in novices using virtual reality. Brit J Surg 99:62
Bruno F, Barbieri L, Lagudi A, Cozza M, Cozza A, Peluso R, Muzzupappa M (2017) Virtual dives into the underwater archaeological treasures of South Italy. Virtual Real. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-017-0318-z
Buckley H, Wilson C, Ajithkumar T (2017) High-dose-rate brachytherapy in the management of operable rectal cancer: a systematic review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 99:111–127
Chen W et al (2016) Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 66:115–132. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21338
Cubo N, Garcia M, Del Canizo JF, Velasco D, Jorcano JL (2016) 3D bioprinting of functional human skin: production and in vivo analysis. Biofabrication 9:015006
DiRaddo R, Tomanek B, Laroche D, Delorme S, Del Maestro R (2009) Patient-specific virtual reality systems for brain tumor surgery. Neuro-Oncology 11:698
Dou H, Jiang S, Yang Z, Sun LQ, Ma XD, Huo B (2017) Design and validation of a CT-guided robotic system for lung cancer brachytherapy. Med Phys 44:4828–4837
Eschwege F (1998) Radiotherapy for head and neck cancers in the elderly. Ann Oncol 9:31–31
Fleischman EH, Kagan AR, Streeter OE, Tyrell J, Wollin M, Leagre CA, Harvey JC (1992) Iodine125 interstitial brachytherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the lung. J Surg Oncol 49:25–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.2930490107
Gherman B, Girbacia T, Cocorean D et al (2016) Virtual planning of needle guidance for a parallel robot used in brachytherapy. New Trends Med Serv Robots 1:109
Goksel O, Sapchuk K, Salcudean SE (2011) Haptic simulator for prostate brachytherapy with simulated needle and probe interaction. IEEE Trans Haptics 4(3):188–198
Gu Q, Hao J, Lu YJ, Wang L, Wallace GG, Zhou Q (2015) Three-dimensional bio-printing. Sci China Life Sci 58:411–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-015-4850-3
Halabi T, Craft D, Bortfeld T (2006) Dose-volume histogram objectives in multi-criteria IMRT optimization. Med Phys 33:2089. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2241101
Hocking GC et al (2000) Withdrawal from a fluid of finite depth through a line sink, including surface-tension effects. J Eng Math 38(1):91–100
Huo X et al (2016) Effectiveness and safety of CT-guided (125)I seed brachytherapy for postoperative locoregional recurrence in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Brachytherapy 15:370–380
Kanzaki H, Kataoka M, Nishikawa A, Uwatsu K, Nagasaki K, Nishijima N, Hashine K (2015) Kinetics differences between PSA bounce and biochemical failure in patients treated with 125I prostate brachytherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 45:688–694
Lawson G, Salanitri D, Waterfield B (2016) Future directions for the development of virtual reality within an automotive manufacturer. Appl Ergon 53:323–330
Li Z, Jiang S, Yang Z et al (2014) SU-E-T-279: realization of three-dimensional conformal dose planning in prostate brachytherapy. Med Phys 41(6):288
Luha J (2003) Statistic simply explained. Ekonomicky Casopis 51(6):778–779
Lv Z, Li X, Li W (2017) Virtual reality geographical interactive scene semantics research for immersive geography learning. Neurocomputing 254:71–78
Miller S, Berndt A, Bews J, Mccurdy B, Kinsner W (1998) An implementation of a virtual reality interstitial brachytherapy system. Electr Comput Eng 2:870–873
Miller S, Jeffrey C, Bews J (1999) Advances in the virtual reality interstitial brachytherapy system. Electr Comput Eng IEEE 1:349–354
Mohan R, Schellhammer PF (2011) Treatment options for localized prostate cancer. Am Fam Physician 84:413–420
Nakayama Y (2009) Brachytherapy. J Thorac Oncol 4(9):S174–S175
Regis J (2010) Conformity index for radiosurgery reply. Neurosurgery 67:2. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000384045.64917.0d
Roy E, Bakr MM, George R (2017) The need for virtual reality simulators in dental education: a review. Saudi Dent J 29:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.02.001
Saxena SK, Sharma SD, Dash A, Venkatesh M (2009) Development of a new design I-125-brachytherapy seed for its application in the treatment of eye and prostate cancer. Appl Radiat Isot 67:1421–1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.02.040
Stout R, Barber P, Burt P, Hopwood P, Swindell R, Hodgetts J, Lomax L (2000) Clinical and quality of life outcomes in the first United Kingdom randomized trial of endobronchial brachytherapy (intraluminal radiotherapy) vs. external beam radiotherapy in the palliative treatment of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 56:323–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(00)00252-8
Sutherland JGH, Furutani KM, Thomson RM (2013) A Monte Carlo investigation of lung brachytherapy treatment planning. Phys Med Biol 58:4763–4780
Tanderup K, Ménard C, Polgar C, Lindegaard JC, Kirisits C, Pötter R (2017) Advancements in brachytherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 109:15–25
Wang Z-M, Lu J, Liu T, Chen K-M, Huang G, Liu F-J (2011) CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 74:253–257
Wu C-M, Hsu C-W, Lee T-K, Smith S (2016) A virtual reality keyboard with realistic haptic feedback in a fully immersive virtual environment. Virtual Real 21:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-016-0296-6
Zhang S, Jiang S, Yang Z et al (2015) 2D ultrasound and 3D MR image registration of the prostate for brachytherapy surgical navigation. Medicine 94(40):e1643
Zhang G, Sun Q, Jiang S, Yang Z, Ma X, Jiang H (2017) Automatic seed picking for brachytherapy postimplant validation with 3D CT images. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 12(11):1985–1993
Zheng M, Zhu J, Xiong X, Zhou S, Zhang Y (2016) 3D model reconstruction with common hand-held cameras. Virtual Real 20:221–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-016-0297-5
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the research team at the School of Mechanical Engineering,Tianjin University, for providing technical assistance. Additionally, the Department of Oncology at The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University provided considerable support with the clinical experimental environment and equipment. This research was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51775368), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 5171101938) and the Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2017B020210004).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent
This article does not contain patient data.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, Z., Jiang, S., Yang, Z. et al. Personalized planning and training system for brachytherapy based on virtual reality. Virtual Reality 23, 347–361 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0350-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0350-7