Skip to main content
Log in

Motion control of virtual reality based on an inertia-based sensing mechanism and a novel approach to redirected walking

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Virtual Reality Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This research presents a motion control algorithm for constructing a portable virtual reality system, which can operate in any indoor or outdoor open space without the need for support from any pre-installed infrastructure. The real head and foot motions continuously measured by inertial sensors during natural walking are used as a part of the inputs to the algorithm to control the virtual walking motions of the user. In conjunction with such control, a novel approach to redirected walking is incorporated in the algorithm to continuously adjust the rotation of the virtual environment to redirect the user away from the boundary (i.e., walls and objects) of the real environment. Such an approach, namely the relative approach, adopts the directions and distances of the boundary relative to the user (i.e., the relative local information) instead of the absolute positions and orientations of the user for performing redirection. A ranging sensor is used for collecting the relative local information. The effectiveness of the algorithm was experimentally verified and demonstrated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Fig. 28

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Azmandian M, Grechkin T, Bolas M, Suma E (2016) Automated path prediction for redirected walking using navigation meshes. In: IEEE symposium on 3D user interfaces, pp 63–66

  • Azmandian M, Grechkin T, Rosenberg ES (2017) An evaluation of strategies for two-user redirected walking in shared physical spaces. In: IEEE virtual reality, pp 91–98

  • Bachmann ER, Hodgson E, Hoffbauer C, Messinger J (2019) Multi-user redirected walking and resetting using artificial potential fields. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 25(5):2022–2031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calusdian J (2010) A personal navigation system based on inertial and magnetic field measurement. Doctoral dissertation, Naval Postgraduate School, September 2012

  • Creagh H (2003) Cave automatic virtual environment. In: Proceedings of electrical insulation conference and electrical manufacturing and coil winding technology conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, Nov 24, pp 499–504

  • Cyberith (2013) Products—virtualizer virtual reality treadmills. https://www.cyberith.com/products/. Retrieved 6 Feb 2020

  • Darken RP, Cockayne WR, Carmein D (1997) The omni-directional treadmill: a locomotion device for virtual worlds. In: Proceedings of UIST, Banff, Canada, pp 213‒221

  • Evans-Thirlwell E (2017) The history of the first person shooter. PC Gamer. https://www.pcgamer.com/the-history-of-the-first-person-shooter/. Retrieved 18 Jan 2020

  • Hirt C, Zank M, Kunz A (2018) Preliminary environment mapping for redirected walking. In: 2018 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces, 18–22 Mar 2018, Reutlingen, Germany, pp 573–574

  • Hirt C, Zank M, Kunz A (2018) Geometry extraction for ad hoc redirected walking using a SLAM device. In: International conference on augmented reality, virtual reality and computer graphics. Springer, Cham, pp 35–53

  • Hodgson E, Bachmann E, Thrash T (2014) Performance of redirected walking algorithms in a constrained virtual world. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 20(4):579–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollerbach J, Grow D, Parker C (2005) Developments in locomotion interfaces. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE 9th international conference on rehabilitation robotics, Chicago, IL, pp 522–525

  • Iwata H (1999a) The Torus treadmill: realizing locomotion in VEs. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 19:30–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata H (1999b) Walking about virtual environments on an infinite floor. In: Proceedings of the IEEE virtual reality, pp 286‒293

  • Krogh BH (1984) A generalized potential field approach to obstacle avoidance control. In: Proceedings of SME conference on robotics research: the next five years and beyond, Bethlehem, PA, pp 11–22

  • Langbehn E, Steinicke F (2018) Redirected walking in virtual reality. In: Encyclopedia of computer graphics and games. Springer

  • Latombe JC (1991) Potential field methods. In: Robot motion planning, pp 295–355

  • Messinger J, Hodgson E, Bachmann ER (2019) Effects of tracking area shape and size on artificial potential field redirected walking. In: 2019 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces, 23–27 Mar, Osaka, Japan, pp 72–80

  • Microsoft (2011) Kinect for XBox One. https://www.xbox.com/en-US/xbox-one/accessories/kinect. Retrieved 4 Nov 2017

  • BBC NEWS (2006) Factfile: The Wii. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6155664.stm. Retrieved 18 Jan 2020

  • Nilsson NC, Peck T, Bruder G, Hodgson E, Serafin S, Whitton M, Steinicke F, Rosenberg ES (2018) 15 years of research on redirected walking in immersive virtual environments. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 38:44–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onder M (2005) Locomotion in virtual environments and analysis of a new virtual walking device. MS Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School

  • Peck TC, Fuchs H, Whitton MC (2009) Evaluation of reorientation techniques and distractors for walking in large virtual environments. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graph 15(3):383–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peck TC, Fuchs H, Whitton MC (2012) The design and evaluation of a large-scale real-walking locomotion interface. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graph 18(7):1053–1067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peck TC, Whitton MC, Fuchs H (2008) Evaluation of reorientation techniques for walking in large virtual environments. In: IEEE conference on virtual reality, Reno, Nevada, pp 121–127

  • Peck TC, Fuchs H, Whitton MC (2010) Improved redirection with distractors: a large-scale-real-walking locomotion interface and its effect on navigation in virtual environments. In: IEEE conference on virtual reality, Waltham, Massachusetts, pp 35–38

  • Quest (2019) The next level of VR gaming. https://www.oculus.com/quest/features/. Retrieved 6 Feb 2020

  • Razzaque S (2005) Redirected walking. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

  • Razzaque S, Kohn Z, Whitton MC (2001) Redirected walking. Eurographics

  • Razzaque S, Swapp D, Slater M, Whitton MC, Steed A (2002) Redirected walking in place. In: Eight eurographics workshop on virtual environments, pp 123–129

  • Steinicke F, Bruder G, Jerald J, Frenz H, Lappe M (2010) Estimation of detection thresholds for redirected walking techniques. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graph 16(1):17–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas J, Rosenberg ES (2019) A general reactive algorithm for redirected walking using artificial potential functions. In: 2019 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces, 23–27 Mar, Osaka, Japan, pp 56–62

  • University of Utah School of Computing (2019) Locomotion display. http://www.cs.utah.edu/~jmh/LocomotionDisplay.html. Retrieved 4 Jun 2019

  • Vijayakar A, Hollerbach JM (2002) A proportional control strategy for realistic turning on linear treadmills. In: Proceedings of the 10th symposium on haptic interfaces for virtual environment and teleoperator systems, pp 231‒238

  • Virtuix (2013) Omni by Virtuix. https://www.virtuix.com/product/virtuix-omni/. Retrieved 6 Feb 2020

  • Waller D, Bachmann E, Hodgson E (2007) The HIVE: A huge immersive virtual environment for research in spatial cognition. Behav Res Methods 39(4):835–843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitton M (2010) Getting from here to there: locomotion in virtual environments. In: 2010 IEEE/ACM 14th international symposium on distributed simulation and real time applications

  • Yun X, Bachmann E, McGhee R (2008) A simplified quaternion-based algorithm for orientation estimation from earth gravity and magnetic field measurements. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 57(3):638–650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yun X, Calusdian J, Bachmann E, McGhee R (2012) Estimation of human foot motion during normal walking using inertial and magnetic sensor measurements. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 61(7):2059–2072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yun X, Bachmann E, Moore H IV, Calusdian J (2007) Self-contained position tracking of human movement using small inertial/magnetic sensor modules. In: Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, Roma, Italy, Aril 10–14

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chuan Hao Yang.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yang, C.H. Motion control of virtual reality based on an inertia-based sensing mechanism and a novel approach to redirected walking. Virtual Reality 26, 479–500 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-021-00581-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-021-00581-8

Keywords

Navigation