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Compressed \(\text {k}\mathsf {^d}\text {-tree}\) for temporal graphs

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Abstract

Temporal graphs represent vertices and binary relations that change along time. The work in this paper proposes to represent temporal graphs as cells in a 4D binary matrix: two dimensions to represent extreme vertices of an edge and two dimensions to represent the temporal interval when the edge exists. This strategy generalizes the idea of the adjacency matrix for storing static graphs. The proposed structure called Compressed \(\text {k}\mathsf {^d}\text {-tree}\) (\(\text {ck}\mathsf {^d}\text {-tree}\)) is capable of dealing with unclustered data with a good use of space. The \(\text {ck}\mathsf {^d}\text {-tree}\) uses asymptotically the same space than the (worst case) lower bound for storing cells in a 4D binary matrix, without considering any regularity. Techniques that group leaves into buckets and compress nodes with few children show to improve the performance in time and space. An experimental evaluation compares the \(\text {ck}\mathsf {^d}\text {-tree}\) with \(\text {k}\mathsf {^d}\text {-tree}\) (the d-dimensional extension of the \(\text {k}\mathsf {^2}\text {-tree}\)) and with other up-to-date compressed data structures based on inverted indexes and \(\mathsf {Wavelet}\text { Tree}\)s, showing the potential use of the \(\text {ck}\mathsf {^d}\text {-tree}\) for different types of temporal graphs.

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Notes

  1. We use the term time instant and time point indistinctly.

  2. Holme and Saramäki defined this as a contact sequence, but we renamed the concept to point-contact temporal contact.

  3. We assume that the boundary is closed at the upper-left corner and open at the lower-right corner.

  4. Other orders have been proposed, but they do not make any improvement on the space or the navigation time [18].

  5. When the input is small, the sorting method is faster than creating a hash table to remove duplicated items.

  6. Available at http://socialnetworks.mpi-sws.org/data-www2009.html.

  7. Downloaded from http://dumps.wikimedia.org/enwiki/.

  8. Downloaded from http://konect.uni-koblenz.de/.

  9. Available at https://github.com/simongog/sdsl-lite.

  10. Available at https://github.com/fclaude/libcds.

  11. The structures were implemented by Susana Ladra (\(\text {k}\mathsf {^2}\text {-tree}\)), Guillermo de Bernardo and Sandra Álvarez (\(\text {ik}\mathsf {^2}\text {-tree}\)).

  12. In this section, we will use B with a suffix to denote the size of the bucket in the \(\text {bck}\mathsf {^d}\text {-tree}\) and b (without a suffix) to denote the block size in bitmaps.

  13. The program used to create the structures failed when the lifetime of the graph is greater than 10,000 instants.

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Acknowledgments

Diego Caro and M. Andrea Rodríguez were partially funded by Fondef D09I1185. Diego Caro was also funded by CONICYT PhD scholarship and M. Andrea Rodríguez by Fondecyt 1140428 and MINECO (PGE and FEDER) Grant TIN2013-46801-C4-3-R. Nieves Brisaboa and Antonio Fariña are funded by MINECO (PGE and FEDER) Grants TIN2013-46238-C4-3-R and TIN2013-47090-C3-3-P; CDTI, AGI and MINECO Grant CDTI-00064563/ITC-20133062; ICT COST Action IC1302; and by Xunta de Galicia (co-founded with FEDER) Grant GRC2013/053. We also thank to Diego Seco for his help in the preliminary discussions of the structures, to Gonzalo Navarro and Simon Gog for their suggestions on the improvement of the data structures and the experimental evaluation, and to Claudio Sanhueza from Yahoo! Labs who helps us with the P-Yahoo-Session dataset.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Computer Science Department, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Diego Caro & M. Andrea Rodríguez

  2. Database Lab, Facultade de Informática, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain

    Nieves R. Brisaboa & Antonio Fariña

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  1. Diego Caro
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  2. M. Andrea Rodríguez
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  3. Nieves R. Brisaboa
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  4. Antonio Fariña
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Correspondence to Diego Caro.

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Caro, D., Rodríguez, M.A., Brisaboa, N.R. et al. Compressed \(\text {k}\mathsf {^d}\text {-tree}\) for temporal graphs. Knowl Inf Syst 49, 553–595 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-015-0908-6

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