Skip to main content
Log in

RTCRelief-F: an effective clustering and ordering-based ensemble pruning algorithm for facial expression recognition

  • Regular Paper
  • Published:
Knowledge and Information Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ensemble pruning is effective for improving the accuracy of expression recognition. This paper proposes a novel ensemble pruning algorithm called RTCRelief-F and applies it to facial expression recognition. RTCRelief-F uses a novel classifier-representation method that accounts for the interaction among classifiers and bases the classifier selection upon not only diversity but accuracy. Additionally, for the first time, RTCRelief-F, applies the Relief-F algorithm to evaluate the classifiers’ ability and resets the fusion order. Finally, the combination of a clustering-based ensemble pruning method and the ordering-based ensemble pruning method can both alleviate the dependence of a selected subset S on the adopted clustering strategies and guarantee the diversity of the selected subset S. The experimental results show that this method outperforms or competes with the original ensemble and some major state-of-the-art results on the data sets Fer2013, JAFFE, and CK\(+\).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cavalcanti GDC, Oliveira LS, Moura TJM et al (2016) Combining diversity measures for ensemble pruning. Pattern Recognit Lett 74:38–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cai XF, Wen GH, Wei J et al (2014) Relative manifold based semi-supervised dimensionality reduction. Front Comput Sci 8(6):923–932

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  3. Coates A, Lee H, Ng AY (2011) An analysis of single-layer networks in unsupervised feature learning. In: Gordon G, Dunson D (eds) 14th International conference on artificial intelligence and statistics, AISTATS 2011. Microtome Publishing, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, pp 215–223

  4. Cruz RMO, Sabourin R, Cavalcanti GDC (2014) On meta-learning for dynamic ensemble selection. In: Borga M (ed) 2014 22nd International conference on pattern recognition (ICPR). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, Stockholm, pp 1230–1235

  5. Dai Q (2013) A novel ensemble pruning algorithm based on randomized greedy selective strategy and ballot. Neurocomputing 122:258–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Dai Q, Li ML (2015) Introducing randomness into greedy ensemble pruning algorithms. Appl Intell 42(3):406–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Dai Q, Han XM (2016) An efficient ordering-based ensemble pruning algorithm via dynamic programming. Appl Intell 44(4):816–830

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Dai Q, Ye R, Liu Z (2017) Considering diversity and accuracy simultaneously for ensemble pruning. Appl Soft Comput 58:75–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Demsar J (2006) Statistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple data sets. J Mach Learn Res 7:1–30

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Fan XJ, Tjahjadi T (2017) A dynamic framework based on local Zernike moment and motion history image for facial expression recognition. Pattern Recogn 64:399–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Goodfellow LJ, Erhan D, Carrier PL et al (2015) Challenges in representation learning: a report on three machine learning contests. Neural Netw 64:59–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Guo HP, Sun F, Cheng J et al (2016) A novel margin-based measure for directed hill climbing ensemble pruning. Math Probl Eng 2016:1–11

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. He KM, Zhang XY, Ren SQ et al (2015) Delving deep into rectifiers: surpassing human-level performance on imagenet classification. In: Bajcsy R, Hager G, Ma Y (eds) 2015 IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, Santiago, pp 1026–1034

  14. Jia XB, Zhang YH, Powers D et al (2014) Multi-classifier fusion based facial expression recognition approach. KSII Trans Internet Inf Syst 8(1):196–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kim BK, Roh J, Dong SY et al (2016) Hierarchical committee of deep convolutional neural networks for robust facial expression recognition. J Multimod User Interfaces 10(2):173–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kira K, Rendell LA (1992) Feature selection problem: traditional methods and a new algorithm. In: Swartout W (ed) Tenth national conference on artificial intelligence, AAAI-92. Published by American Association for Artificial Intelligence, San Jose, CA, pp 129–134

  17. Kononenko L (1994) Estimating attributes: analysis and extensions of RELIEF. In: Bergadano F, De Raedt L (eds) European conference on machine learning, ECML 1994. Springer, Catania, pp 171–182

  18. Krawczyk B (2015) One-class classifier ensemble pruning and weighting with firefly algorithm. Neurocomputing 150:490–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Krizhevsky A (2009) Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images. University of Toronto

  20. Kuncheva LI, Whitaker CJ (2003) Measures of diversity in classifier ensembles and their relationship with the ensemble accuracy. Mach Learn 51(2):181–207

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Kuncheva LI (2013) A bound on kappa-error diagrams for analysis of classifier ensembles. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 25(3):494–501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lecun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y et al (1998) Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc IEEE 86(11):2278–2324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Li N, Yu Y, Zhou ZH (2012) Diversity regularized ensemble pruning. In: Flach P, De Bie T, Cristianini N (eds) 2012 European conference on machine learning and principles and practice of knowledge discovery in databases, ECML-PKDD 2012. Springer, Bristol, pp 330–345

  24. Liang D, Tsai CF, Dai AJ et al (2017) A novel classifier ensemble approach for financial distress prediction. Knowl Inf Syst 54:437–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lin C, Chen WQ, Qiu C et al (2014) LibD3C: ensemble classifiers with a clustering and dynamic selection strategy. Neurocomputing 123:424–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Liu L, Wang BS, Zhong QX et al (2015) A selective ensemble method based on K-means method. In: Heilongjiang University (eds) Proceedings of 2015 4th international conference on computer science and network technology, ICCSNT 2015. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, Harbin, pp 665–668

  27. Lopes AT, de Aguiar E, De Souza AF et al (2017) Facial expression recognition with convolutional neural networks: coping with few data and the training sample order. Pattern Recogn 61:610–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Lu ZY, Wu XD, Zhu XQ, Bongard J (2010) Ensemble Pruning via Individual Contribution Ordering, In: Rao B, Krishnapuram B eds KDD ’10 Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Washington DC, pp 871–880

  29. Lucey P, Cohn JF, Kanade T et al (2010) The extended Cohn–Kanade dataset (CK\(+\)): a complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In: IEEE (eds) 2010 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops (CVPR workshops). IEEE Computer Society, San Francisco, CA, pp 94–101

  30. Lyons M, Akamatsu S, Kamachi M et al (1998) Coding facial expressions with gabor wavelets. In: IEEE (eds) 3rd IEEE international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition. IEEE Computer Society, Nara, pp 200–205

  31. Ma G, Li XX, Luo K (2005) Application of clustering in regional economy. In: Li Q, Liang TP (ed) 7th International conference on electronic commerce, ICEC05. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Xi’an, pp 48–51

  32. Markatopoulou F, Tsoumakas G, Vlahavas L (2015) Dynamic ensemble pruning based on multi-label classification. Neurocomputing 150:501–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Martinez-Munoz G, Suarez A (2004) Aggregation ordering in bagging. In: Hamza MH (ed) Proceedings of the IASTED international conference on artificial intelligence and applications. Acta Press, Innsbruck, pp 258–263

  34. Martinez-Munoz G, Hernandez-Lobato D, Suarez A (2009) An analysis of ensemble pruning techniques based on ordered aggregation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31:245–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Matthew DZ, Rob F (2013) Stochastic pooling for regularization of deep convolutional neural network. arXiv: 1301.3557

  36. Oleg O, Giorgio V (eds) (2009) Applications of supervised and unsupervised ensemble methods. Springer, Berlin, pp 4–5

    Google Scholar 

  37. Partalas L, Tsoumakas G, Vlahavas L (2010) An ensemble uncertainty aware measure for directed hill climbing ensemble pruning. Mach Learn 81(3):257–282

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  38. Sun YX, Wen GH (2017) Cognitive facial expression recognition with constrained dimensionality reduction. Neurocomputing 230:397–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Treichler GD (1967) Are you missing the boat in training aids. Film Audio-Vis Commun 48(1):14–16

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wen GH, Jiang LJ, Wen J (2009) Local relative transformation with application to isometric embedding. Pattern Recognit Lett 30(3):203–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Wen GH, Tuo J, Jiang LJ et al (2012) Audio feature extraction for classification using relative transformation. In: IEEE (eds) 2012 3rd IEEE/IET international conference on audio, language and image processing, ICALIP 2012. IEEE Computer Society, Shanghai, pp 260–265

  42. Wen GH, Li HH, Li DY (2015) An ensemble convolutional echo state networks for facial expression recognition. In: IEEE (eds) 2015 International conference on affective computing and intelligent interaction, ACII 2015. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, Xi’an, pp 873–878

  43. Ykhlef H, Bouchaffra D (2017) An efficient ensemble pruning approach based on simple coalitional games. Inf Fusion 2017:28–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Yu ZD, Zhang C (2015) Image based static facial expression recognition with multiple deep network learning. In: Zhang ZY, Cohen P (eds) Proceedings of the 2015 ACM international conference on multimodal interaction. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, Xi’an, pp 435–442

  45. Zavaschi THH, Koerich AL, Oliveira LES (2011) Facial expression recognition using ensemble of classifiers. In: Tichavsky P, Cernocky H, Prochazka A (eds) 36th IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech, and signal processing, ICASSP 2011. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, Prague, pp 1489–1492

  46. Zhang HX, Cao LL (2014) A spectral clustering based ensemble pruning approach. Neurocomputing 139:289–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a China National Science Foundation under Grants (60973083, 61273363), Science and Technology Planning Projects of Guangdong Province (2014A010103009, 2015A020217002), and Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project (201504291154480)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guihua Wen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, D., Wen, G., Hou, Z. et al. RTCRelief-F: an effective clustering and ordering-based ensemble pruning algorithm for facial expression recognition. Knowl Inf Syst 59, 219–250 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-018-1176-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-018-1176-z

Keywords

Navigation