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A survey and characterization of Close Access Cyberspace Operations

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Abstract

Close Access Cyberspace Operations pose a significant threat to targets that cannot be easily compromised through remote access mechanisms, such as isolated Industrial Control Systems or air gapped classified networks. Despite their importance, close access operations are less common and receive less analysis compared to remote access ones. As a result, most organizations do not adequately consider countermeasures to address these threats. This lack of evaluation and mitigation introduces an underestimated risk. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a comprehensive survey of Close Access Cyberspace Operations and propose a classification approach for them. This survey analyzes close access studies, capabilities and operations, which are associated with classical SIGINT acquisition. Upon examining these elements, our work identifies the relevant entities and features crucial to Close Access Cyberspace Operations. These key entities and features form a comprehensive taxonomy for such operations, enabling organizations to enhance controls and better prevent, detect, and neutralize close access actions.

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  1. S2 Grupo, Ramiro de Maeztu 7 bajo, 46022, Valencia, Spain

    Antonio Villalón-Huerta

  2. Department of Computing Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain

    Ismael Ripoll-Ripoll & Hector Marco-Gisbert

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  1. Antonio Villalón-Huerta
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AV-H, IR-R and HM-G contributed to writing—original draft. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Villalón-Huerta, A., Ripoll-Ripoll, I. & Marco-Gisbert, H. A survey and characterization of Close Access Cyberspace Operations. Int. J. Inf. Secur. 23, 963–980 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-023-00772-1

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