Abstract
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) represent a new class of information system that also takes real-world data and effects into account. Software-controlled sensors, actuators and smart objects enable a close coupling of the cyber and physical worlds. Introducing processes into CPS to automate repetitive tasks promises advantages regarding resource utilization and flexibility of control systems for smart spaces. However, process execution systems face new challenges when being adapted for process execution in CPS: the automated processing of sensor events and data, the dynamic invocation of services, the integration of human interaction, and the synchronization of the cyber and physical worlds. Current workflow engines fulfill these requirements only to a certain degree. In this work, we present PROtEUS—an integrated system for process execution in CPS. PROtEUS integrates components for event processing, data routing, dynamic service selection and human interaction on the modeling and execution level. It is the basis for executing self-healing model-based workflows in CPS. We demonstrate the applicability of PROtEUS within two case studies from the Smart Home domain and discuss its feasibility for introducing workflows into cyber-physical systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agrawal, A., Amend, M., Das, M., Ford, M., Keller, C., Kloppmann, M., König, D., Leymann, F., Müller, R., Pfau, G., et al.: Web Services Human Task (ws-humantask). White Paper (2007)
Alliance, O.: Osgi Service Platform, Release 3. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2003)
Baheti, R., Gill, H.: Cyber-physical systems. Impact Control Technol. 12, 161–166 (2011)
Barros, A., Decker, G., Grosskopf, A.: Complex events in business processes. In: Business Information Systems, pp. 29–40. Springer (2007)
Baumgraß, A., Botezatu, M., Ciccio, C.D., Dijkman, R., Grefen, P., Hewelt, M., Mendling, J., Meyer, A., Pourmirza, S., Hagen, V.: Towards a methodology for the engineering of event-driven process applications. In: Proceedings First International Workshop on Process Engineering, pp. 1–12 (2015)
Baumgrass, A., Ciccio, D., Claudio, C., Dijkman, R., Hewelt, M., Mendling, J.J., Meyer, A.A., Pourmirza, S.S., Weske, M.M., Wong, T.: Get controller and unicorn: event-driven process execution and monitoring in logistics. In: CEUR Workshop Proceedings (2015)
Bellur, U., Narendra, N.: Towards service orientation in pervasive computing systems. In: International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing, 2005. ITCC 2005, vol. 2, pp. 289–295 (2005). doi:10.1109/ITCC.2005.280
Bernhardt, T., Vasseur, A.: Esper: Event Stream Processing and Correlation. In: ONJava. http://www.onjava.com/lpt/a/6955, OReilly (2007)
Brand, C., Gorning, M., Kaiser, T., Pasch, J., Wenz, M.: Development of High-Quality Graphical Model Editors. Eclipse Magazine (2011). http://www.eclipse.org/graphiti/documentation/files/EclipseMagazineGra. Accessed 1 Aug 2016
Broy, M., Cengarle, M., Geisberger, E.: Cyber-physical systems: imminent challenges. In: Calinescu, R., Garlan, D. (eds.) Large-Scale Complex IT Systems. Development, Operation and Management. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7539, pp. 1–28. Springer, Berlin (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34059-8_1
Bülow, S., Backmann, M., Herzberg, N., Hille, T., Meyer, A., Ulm, B., Wong, T.Y., Weske, M.: Monitoring of business processes with complex event processing. In: Business Process Management Workshops, pp. 277–290. Springer (2013)
Burkhart, T., Loos, P.: Flexible Business Processes—Evaluation of Current Approaches. Proc. Multikonferenz Wirtsch. 2010, 1217–1228 (2010)
Cao, J., Jarvis, S.A., Saini, S., Nudd, G.R.: Gridflow: workflow management for grid computing. In: Proceedings of the 3st International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid, CCGRID ’03, pp. 198–205. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA (2003)
Chakraborty, D., Lei, H.: Pervasive enablement of business processes. In: Proceedings of Second IEEE Annual Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, PerCom, pp. 87–97 (2004). doi:10.1109/PERCOM.2004.1276848
Dadam, P., Reichert, M.: The ADEPT project: a decade of research and development for robust and flexible process support. Comput. Sci. Res. Dev. 23(2), 81–97 (2009)
Dar, K., Taherkordi, A., Baraki, H., Eliassen, F., Geihs, K.: A resource oriented integration architecture for the internet of things: a business process perspective. Perv. Mob. Comput. 20, 145–159 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2014.11.005. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1574119214001862
Dayarathna, M., Suzumura, T.B.: A performance analysis of system S, S4, and Esper via two level benchmarking. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 8054, pp. 225–240 (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40196-1_19. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84882741975&partnerID=40&md5=853c6cc716722cc36b074bc762edc7d5
De Lemos, R., Giese, H., Müller, H.A., Shaw, M., Andersson, J., Litoiu, M., Schmerl, B., Tamura, G., Villegas, N.M., Vogel, T., et al.: Software engineering for self-adaptive systems: a second research roadmap. In: Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II, pp. 1–32. Springer (2013)
Domingos, D., Martins, F., Cândido, C., Martinho, R.: Internet of things aware WS-BPEL business processes: context variables and expected exceptions. J. UCS 20(8), 1109–1129 (2014)
Fette, I., Melnikov, A.: The Websocket Protocol (2011). https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455<UrlBlockedError.aspx. Accessed 1 Aug 2016
Giner, P., Cetina, C., Fons, J., Pelechano, V.: Implicit interaction design for pervasive workflows. Pers. Ubiquitous Comput. 15(4), 399–408 (2011). doi:10.1007/s00779-010-0360-2
Grefen, P., de Vries, R.R.: A reference architecture for workflow management systems. Data Knowl. Eng. 27(1), 31–57 (1998). doi:10.1016/S0169-023X(97)00057-8. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169023X97000578
Hermosillo, G., Seinturier, L., Duchien, L.: Using complex event processing for dynamic business process adaptation. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing, pp. 466–473 (2010). doi:10.1109/SCC.2010.48. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=5557204
Huber, S., Seiger, R., Kuehnert, A., Schlegel, T.: Using semantic queries to enable dynamic service invocation for processes in the internet of things. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC), pp. 214–221 (2016). doi:10.1109/ICSC.2016.75
Kalasapur, S., Kumar, M., Shirazi, B.: Dynamic service composition in pervasive computing. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 18(7), 907–918 (2007). doi:10.1109/TPDS.2007.1039
Kephart, J., Kephart, J., Chess, D., Boutilier, C., Das, R., Kephart, J.O., Walsh, W.E.: An Architectural Blueprint for Autonomic Computing. IBM, Armonk (2003)
Kloppmann, M., Koenig, D., Leymann, F., Pfau, G., Rickayzen, A., von Riegen, C., Schmidt, P., Trickovic, I.: WS-BPEL Extension for People-BPEL4People. In: Joint White Paper, IBM and SAP, vol. 183, p. 184 (2005)
Lee, E.: Cyber physical systems: design challenges. In: 2008 11th IEEE International Symposium on Object Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC), pp. 363–369 (2008). doi:10.1109/ISORC.2008.25
Luckham, D.: The Power of Events, vol. 204. Addison-Wesley, Reading (2002)
Mangler, J., Rinderle-Ma, S.: Cpee-cloud process execution engine. In: BPM (Demos)’14, pp. 51–51 (2014)
Marrella, A., Mecella, M., Sardina, S.: Smartpm: an adaptive process management system through situation calculus, indigolog, and classical planning. In: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, pp. 1–10. AAAI Press, US (2014)
Meyer, S., Ruppen, A., Magerkurth, C.: Internet of things-aware process modeling: integrating IoT devices as business process resources. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 7908, pp. 84–98 (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38709-8_6
Montagnat, J., Glatard, T., Lingrand, D.: Data composition patterns in service-based workflows. In: Workshop on Workflows in Support of Large-Scale Science, 2006. WORKS ’06, pp. 1–10 (2006). doi:10.1109/WORKS.2006.5282350
Montagut, F., Molva, R.: Enabling pervasive execution of workflows. In: 2005 International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing, p. 10 (2005). doi:10.1109/COLCOM.2005.1651227
Montagut, F., Molva, R., Golega, S.T.: The pervasive workflow: a decentralized workflow system supporting long-running transactions. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. C 38, 319–333 (2008)
Papazoglou, M.P., Traverso, P., Dustdar, S., Leymann, F.: Service-oriented computing: state of the art and research challenges. Computer 40(11), 38–45 (2007)
Pesic, M., van der Aalst, W.: A declarative approach for flexible business processes management. In: Eder, J., Dustdar, S. (eds.) Business Process Management Workshops. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4103, pp. 169–180. Springer, Berlin (2006). doi:10.1007/11837862_18
Poovendran, R.: Cyber-physical systems: close encounters between two parallel worlds [point of view]. Proc. IEEE 98(8), 1363–1366 (2010)
Qian, Z., Wang, Z., Xu, T., Lu, S.: A dynamic service composition schema for pervasive computing. J. Intell. Manuf. 23(4), 1271–1280 (2012). doi:10.1007/s10845-010-0410-7
Quigley, M., Conley, K., Gerkey, B., Faust, J., Foote, T., Leibs, J., Wheeler, R., Ng, A.Y.: Ros: an open-source robot operating system. In: ICRA Workshop on Open Source Software, vol. 3, p. 5 (2009)
Reijers, H.A., Slaats, T., Stahl, C.: Declarative modeling—an academic dream or the future for bpm? In: Business Process Management, pp. 307–322. Springer (2013)
Richly, S., Schmidt, S., Assmann, U.: A semantic-BDI-based approach to realize cooperative, reflexive workflows. In: Proceedings of the World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), pp. 1680–1685 (2010). doi:10.1109/WCICA.2010.5554771
Scheer, A.W., Nüttgens, M.: ARIS Architecture and Reference Models for Business Process Management. Springer, Berlin (2000)
Schiefer, J., Rozsnyai, S., Rauscher, C., Saurer, G.: Event-driven rules for sensing and responding to business situations. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Inaugural International Conference on Distributed Event-based Systems, DEBS ’07, pp. 198–205. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2007). doi:10.1145/1266894.1266934
Schlegel, T., Vidakovi, K., Dusch, S., Seiger, R.: Management of interactive business processes in decentralized service infrastructures through event processing. J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci. 24(2), 137–144 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2012.03.001. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157812000134
Seiger, R., Huber, S., Schlegel, T.: Proteus: An integrated system for process execution in cyber-physical systems. In: Gaaloul, K., Schmidt, R., Nurcan, S., Guerreiro, S., Ma, Q. (eds.) Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol. 214, pp. 265–280 (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19237-6_17
Seiger, R., Keller, C., Niebling, F., Schlegel, T.: Modelling complex and flexible processes for smart cyber-physical environments. J. Comput. Sci. (2014). doi:10.1016/j.jocs.2014.07.001
Seiger, R., Niebling, F., Schlegel, T.: A distributed execution environment enabling resilient processes for ubiquitous systems. In: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PERCOM Workshops), pp. 220–223 (2014). doi:10.1109/PerComW.2014.6815205
Seiger, R., Struwe, S., Matthes, S., Schlegel, T.: A resilient interaction concept for process management on tabletops for cyber-physical systems. In: Yamamoto, S. (ed.) Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Knowledge in Applications and Services. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8522, pp. 347–358. Springer (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07863-2_34
Shen, J., Yang, Y., Yan, J.: A p2p based service flow system with advanced ontology-based service profiles. Adv. Eng. Inf. 21, 221–229 (2007)
Shi, J., Wan, J., Yan, H., Suo, H.: A survey of cyber-physical systems. In: 2011 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), pp. 1–6 (2011). doi:10.1109/WCSP.2011.6096958
Smirek, L., Zimmermann, G., Ziegler, D.: Towards universally usable smart homes-how can myui, urc and openhab contribute to an adaptive user interface platform. In: IARIA Conference, Nice, France, pp. 29–38 (2014)
Steinberg, D., Budinsky, F., Merks, E., Paternostro, M.: EMF: Eclipse Modeling Framework. Pearson Education, New York (2008)
Sungur, C.T., Spiess, P., Oertel, N., Kopp, O.: Extending BPMN for wireless sensor networks. In: 2013 IEEE 15th Conference on Business Informatics, pp. 109–116 (2013). doi:10.1109/CBI.2013.24. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6642865
Talcott, C.: Cyber-physical systems and events. In: Software-Intensive Systems and New Computing Paradigms, pp. 101–115. Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2008)
Tuysuz, G., Avenoglu, B., Eren, P.: A workflow-based mobile guidance framework for managing personal activities. In: 2013 Seventh International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Apps, Services and Technologies (NGMAST), pp. 13–18. doi:10.1109/NGMAST.2013.12
Van Der Aalst, W.M.: Three good reasons for using a petri-net-based workflow management system. In: Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Information and Process Integration in Enterprises (IPIC96), pp. 179–201. Citeseer (1996)
Van Der Aalst, W., ter Hofstede, A.: YAWL: yet another workflow language. Inf. Syst. 30(4), 245–275 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.is.2004.02.002
Van Der Aalst, W.M., Aldred, L., Dumas, M., ter Hofstede, A.H.: Design and implementation of the YAWL system. In: CAiSE, vol. 3084, pp. 142–159. Springer (2004)
Weidlich, M., Ziekow, H., Gal, A., Mendling, J., Weske, M.: Optimizing event pattern matching using business process models. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 26(11), 2759–2773 (2014)
Weiser, M.: The computer for the 21st century. Sci. Am. 265(3), 94–104 (1991)
Wieland, M., Schwarz, H., Breitenbucher, U., Leymann, F.: Towards situation-aware adaptive workflows: Sitopta general purpose situation-aware workflow management system. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (PerCom Workshops), pp. 32–37. IEEE (2015)
Wohed, P., van der Aalst, W., Dumas, M., ter Hofstede, A., Russell, N.: On the suitability of bpmn for business process modelling. In: Dustdar, S., Fiadeiro, J., Sheth, A. (eds.) Business Process Management. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4102, pp. 161–176. Springer, Berlin (2006). doi:10.1007/11841760_12
Wombacher, A.: A-posteriori detection of sensor infrastructure errors in correlated sensor data and business workflows. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Business Process Management. BPM’11, pp. 329–344. Springer, Berlin (2011)
Wombacher, A.: How physical objects and business workflows can be correlated. In: Proceedings of 2011 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing, SCC 2011, pp. 226–233 (2011). doi:10.1109/SCC.2011.24
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Dr. Selmin Nurcan.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Seiger, R., Huber, S. & Schlegel, T. Toward an execution system for self-healing workflows in cyber-physical systems. Softw Syst Model 17, 551–572 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-016-0551-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-016-0551-z