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Models@run.time: a guided tour of the state of the art and research challenges

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Abstract

More than a decade ago, the research topic models@run.time was coined. Since then, the research area has received increasing attention. Given the prolific results during these years, the current outcomes need to be sorted and classified. Furthermore, many gaps need to be categorized in order to further develop the research topic by experts of the research area but also newcomers. Accordingly, the paper discusses the principles and requirements of models@run.time and the state of the art of the research line. To make the discussion more concrete, a taxonomy is defined and used to compare the main approaches and research outcomes in the area during the last decade and including ancestor research initiatives. We identified and classified 275 papers on models@run.time, which allowed us to identify the underlying research gaps and to elaborate on the corresponding research challenges. Finally, we also facilitate sustainability of the survey over time by offering tool support to add, correct and visualize data.

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Notes

  1. https://github.com/sebastiangoetz/slr-toolkit/releases.

  2. https://github.com/sebastiangoetz/slr-toolkit/tree/master/examples/mrt.

  3. https://github.com/sebastiangoetz/slr-toolkit.

  4. Self-optimizing systems are a special subclass of self-adaptive systems [151]. Approaches of this class are not included in class self-adaptation to enable a separate investigation. Other subclasses of self-adaptive systems did not reveal to be significant.

  5. https://github.com/sebastiangoetz/slr-toolkit.

  6. Most of the 56 approaches classified as fundamental work would else be shown as dominating axes in the bubble matrix charts, which distracts from the investigation of applied approaches.

  7. https://github.com/sebastiangoetz/slr-toolkit/tree/master/examples/mrt.

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Acknowledgements

This work has been partially funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under Project Agreement SFB912/2 and GRK1907 and the Systems Analytics Research Institute (SARI) in Aston University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aston University, Birmingham, UK

    Nelly Bencomo

  2. Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

    Sebastian Götz

  3. Stiftelsen SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway

    Hui Song

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  1. Nelly Bencomo
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  2. Sebastian Götz
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  3. Hui Song
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Correspondence to Sebastian Götz.

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Communicated by Professor Yves Le Traon.

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Appendices

Appendices

List of application domains

The following list summarizes all domains to which models@run.time has been applied so far according to our body of literature.

  • Enterprise Software (23), e.g., enterprise resource planning (ERP) or customer relationship management (CRM) software (e.g., [130]).

  • Cloud-based (17) systems, especially Software as a Service (SaaS) (e.g., [48]).

  • Energy-efficient Software (11) of software systems like, e.g., optimization approaches trading performance and energy consumption (e.g., [99]).

  • Home Automation Systems (10), e.g., approaches for the Smart Home (e.g., [54]).

  • Communication Technology (8), i.e., telecommunication networks (e.g., [132]).

  • Cyber-Physical Systems (8), i.e., networked embedded systems (e.g., [101]).

  • Monitoring Systems (7), i.e., approaches to intelligently observe the state of a running physical or virtual system (e.g., [28]).

  • eCommerce Systems (7), e.g., sales platforms and webshops (e.g., [87]).

  • Embedded Systems (6), i.e., single devices, which are embedded into a physical environment and react to changes in it (e.g., [171]).

  • Healthcare (6), e.g., approaches to monitor patient data (e.g., [2]).

  • Robotics (6), e.g., approaches to reason about the collaboration of multiple robots (e.g., [85]).

  • Traffic Advising (5), i.e., routing/navigation software (e.g., [12]).

  • Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) (5), i.e., systems designed with the aim to help elderly people or people with special needs in their everyday life (e.g., [159]).

  • Games (4), e.g., approaches to improve the reasoning about strategies of non-player characters (e.g., [61]).

  • Crisis Management (4), e.g., flood warning systems (e.g., [15]).

  • Travel Advising (4), i.e., software suggesting holiday packages, including flights, hotel, rental car and activities (e.g., [162]).

  • IT Management Systems (4), i.e., systems used to manage all electronic devices in a building (e.g., [118]).

  • Internet of Things (3), i.e., approaches to capture the network of connected devices, typically with the aim to integrate previously unknown system with each other (e.g., [49]).

  • Database Management Systems (3), i.e., approaches to reason about how (data format) and where to store data (e.g., [65]).

  • Mobile Software (2), i.e., software applications running on mobile devices, which need to react to changes in their environment (e.g., [82]).

  • Office Management Systems (1), i.e., systems used to manage all software applications of a company (e.g., [42]).

  • eGovernment (1), i.e., software systems enabling citizens to interact with governmental administration over the Internet [106].

  • Java Virtual Machine (1), i.e., approaches to improve garbage collection [108].

  • Scientific Computing (1), e.g., simulations of climate models [9].

  • Social Networks (1), i.e., approaches to analyze trends and to identify hot topics based on what people share in social networks [175].

  • None (127), i.e., no case study has been conducted.

List of supporting research initiatives

In the following, we list all research projects we found, grouped by their origin of funding. For each funding organization, we provide the number of identified research projects in braces.

  • European Union (19)

    • NeCS European Network for Cyber-security. EU H2020 (EU.1.3.1).

    • ALIVE Coordination, Organisation and Model Driven Approaches for Dynamic,Flexible, Robust Software and Services Engineering. EU FP7-ICT.

    • CHOReOS Large Scale Choreographies for the Future Internet. EU FP7-ICT.

    • CONNECT Emergent Connectors for Eternal Software Intensive Systems. EU FP7-ICT.

    • DiVA Dynamic Variability in Complex, Adaptive Systems. EU FP7-ICT.

    • DIVERSIFY Ecology-inspired software diversity for distributed adaptation in CAS. EU FP7-ICT.

    • EINS Network of Excellence in Internet Science. EU FP7-ICT.

    • MASSIF MAnagement of Security information and events in Service InFrastructures. EU FP7-ICT.

    • MODAClouds MOdel-Driven Approach for design and execution of applications on multiple Clouds. EU FP7-ICT.

    • Lucretius Foundations for Software Evolution. ERC Advanced Investigator Grant.

    • PaaSage Model-Based Cloud Platform Upperware. EU FP7-ICT.

    • PERSIST PERsonal Self-Improving SmarT spaces. EU FP7-ICT.

    • RECOGNITION Relevance and cognition for self-awareness in a content-centric Internet. EU FP7-ICT.

    • REMICS REuse and Migration of legacy applications to Interoperable Cloud Services. EU FP7-ICT.

    • S-Cube Software Services and Systems Network. EU FP7-ICT.

    • SeSaMo Security and Safety Modelling. EU FP7-JTI.

    • SMSCom Self-Managing Situated Computing. EU FP7-IDEAS-ERC.

    • MODELPLEX Modelling solution for complex software systems. EU FP6-IST.

    • MUSIC Self-adapting applications for mobile users in ubiquitous Computing Environments. EU FP6-IST.

  • German Research Foundation (DFG) (4)

    • CRC 912—HAEC Highly Adaptive Energy Efficient Computing. DFG collaborative research centre (CRC).

    • RTG 1907—RoSI Role-based Software Infrastructures for continuous-context-sensitive Systems. DFG research training group (RTG).

    • SPP 1593 Design For Future-Managed Software Evolution. DFG priority programme (SPP).

    • RAMSES Reflective and Adaptive Middleware for Software Evolution of Non-stopping Information Systems.

  • German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (4)

    • CoolSoftware BMBF cluster of excellence.

    • SysPlace EcoSystem of Displays.

    • OptimAAL Kompetenzplattform für die Einführung und Entwicklung von AAL-Lösungen.

    • SPES2020 Software Plattform Embedded Systems.

  • France National Research Agency (ANR) (2)

    • FAROS Composition Environment for Building Reliable Service-oriented Architectures.

    • SALTY Self-Adaptive very Large disTributed sYstems.

  • French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Inria) (1)

    • Project M@TURE Models @ run Time for self-adaptive pervasive systems: enabling User-in-the-loop, REquirement-awareness, and interoperability in ad hoc settings. Inria/Brazil International Scientific Cooperation Program (year 2014).

    • Project M@TURE 2 Inria/Brazil International Scientific Cooperation Program (year 2015).

  • Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) funded projects (2)

    • AMSN Adaptive Multi-Sensor Networks research program.

    • Trader Reliability by design.

  • iMinds Funded Projects (2)

    • D-BASE Decentralized support for Business Processes in Application Services.

    • DMS2 Decentralized Data Management and Migration of SaaS.

  • UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Funded Projects (2)

    • DAASE Dynamic Adaptive Automated Software Engineering.

    • LSC-ITS Large Scale Complex IT System.

  • Projects Funded by other Grants (9)

    • ARM Adaptive Resource Management Project. Funded by University of Milano-Bicocca.

    • CAPUCINE Context-aware Service-oriented Product Lines. Funded by Fonds Unique Interministeriel (France).

    • CARAMELOS Collaborative Action Research on Agile Methodologies for Enterprises in the Little, adhering to the Open Source principle. Funded by the Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad (Belgium).

    • GenData 2020 Data-Driven Genomic Computing. Funded by the Ministry of Education, University and Research (Italy).

    • GIOCOSO GIOchi pediatrici per la COmunicazione e la SOcializzazione (Regione Lombardia).

    • MAIS Multichannel Adaptive Information Systems. Funded by Politecnico di Milano (Italy).

    • MEDICAL Embedded middleware for sensor and application integration for in-home services. Finded by Minalogic.

    • MORISIA Models at Runtime for Self-Adaptive Software. Funded by HPI.

    • Value@Cloud Model-Driven Incremental Development of Cloud Services Oriented to the Customers’ Value. Funded by CICYT.

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Bencomo, N., Götz, S. & Song, H. Models@run.time: a guided tour of the state of the art and research challenges. Softw Syst Model 18, 3049–3082 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-018-00712-x

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