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Why Saturday could be both green and red in synesthesia

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Abstract

It has long been observed that certain words induce multiple synesthetic colors, a phenomenon that has remained largely unexplored. We report here on the distinct synesthetic colors two synesthetes experienced with closed sets of concepts (digits, weekdays, months). For example, Saturday was associated with green, like other word starting with s; however, Saturday also had its specific color (red). Auditory priming and Visual Color Stroop tasks were used to understand the cognitive mechanisms supporting the distinct synesthetic colors. Results revealed that processing of word segments and whole words was specifically involved in each type of synesthetic colors. However, these mechanisms differed between participants, as they could relate either to orthography (and written words) or phonology (and spoken words). Further differences concerned the word representations, which varied as to whether or not they encoded serial positions. In addition to clarifying the cognitive mechanisms underlying the distinct synesthetic colors, our results offer some clues for understanding the neurocognitive underpinnings of a rather common form of synesthesia.

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Fig. 1
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Notes

  1. The hypothesis that VS’s synesthesia involved print-to-sound transcoding mechanisms could also be tested with letter clusters mapping onto single phonemes (wr → /r/as in wrinkle; ph → /f/as in photo). Because these mechanisms operate without lexical support, the sounds of individual letters (/w/and/r/with wrinkle;/p/and/f/with photo) are derived in addition to the correct sounds corresponding to letter clusters. Consequently, letters and letter clusters would both contribute to the synesthetic colors. Results from VS’s color assignment were consistent with this prediction. We selected 13 word triplets like wrinkle-ringlet-welcome, for which we obtained synesthetic colors following the procedure described in the Case Description section. Synesthetic colors were also obtained for pairs of randomly selected words sharing no common letters in initial positions (e.g., crumble-studio). As shown by Euclidean distances, synesthetic colors were more similar between wrinkle-ringlet (56.6) and between wrinkle-welcome (22.1) than between crumble-studio (78.9; ps > .0001). These results suggest that letter clusters and individual letters could both affect synesthetic colors, as anticipated by the hypothesis that sound-to-print transcoding mechanisms were at play in VS’s synesthesia.

  2. We controlled the effect of color-associated printed words to ensure that VB was sensitive to semantic effects in the Visual Color Stroop Task at 0 SOA. We tested seven words strongly associated with a color (ash-gray, blood-red, chocolate-brown, grass-green, lemon-yellow, sky-blue, and tar-black). Each word was paired seven times with its associated color (sky-blue) and 7 times with another color (sky-green). The finding of a sizable facilitation of 39 ms (648 vs. 687 ms; F(1, 82) = 4.6, p < .05, η2 = .04) showed that VS could access aspects of the meaning related to colors with written words at 0 SOA.

  3. In this respect, it was indicative that pale colors were chosen for items at the beginning of sequences (1, Monday, January) when VS selected word colors. This pattern, also observed with other synesthetes (Mills et al., 1999), might appear especially with word colors that, as we found with VS, were associated with sequences. Furthermore, it is perhaps not coincidental that associations with color names (B → blue) and associations found early in childhood (I, O → white; Spector and Maurer 2011) appeared when VS assigned segment colors. It is in fact segment colors that should be related to phonemes and the earliest multimodal associations.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Robert Remez and Torstein Låg for having discussed some aspects of this project with us. Most of all, our thanks go to the participants: their curiosity has really been contagious, and their insights have taught us a great deal about synesthesia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, The New School, 80 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10011, USA

    Michele Miozzo

  2. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Michele Miozzo

  3. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Bruno Laeng

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  1. Michele Miozzo
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Correspondence to Michele Miozzo.

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Handling editor: Marta Olivetti Belardinelli, Sapienza University of Rome.

Reviewers: Aurora Rizza, Sapienza University of Rome; Lutz Jaencke, University of Zurich.

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Miozzo, M., Laeng, B. Why Saturday could be both green and red in synesthesia. Cogn Process 17, 337–355 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-016-0769-2

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