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Novelty detection in data streams

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Abstract

In massive data analysis, data usually come in streams. In the last years, several studies have investigated novelty detection in these data streams. Different approaches have been proposed and validated in many application domains. A review of the main aspects of these studies can provide useful information to improve the performance of existing approaches, allow their adaptation to new applications and help to identify new important issues to be addresses in future studies. This article presents and analyses different aspects of novelty detection in data streams, like the offline and online phases, the number of classes considered at each phase, the use of ensemble versus a single classifier, supervised and unsupervised approaches for the learning task, information used for decision model update, forgetting mechanisms for outdated concepts, concept drift treatment, how to distinguish noise and outliers from novelty concepts, classification strategies for data with unknown label, and how to deal with recurring classes. This article also describes several applications of novelty detection in data streams investigated in the literature and discuss important challenges and future research directions.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks to European Commission through project MAESTRA (ICT-2013-612944), ERDF through the COMPETE Programme, National Funds through FCT within the project FCOMP - 01-0124-FEDER-022701, and CAPES, CNPq and FAPESP, Brazilian funding agencies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Computing, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil

    Elaine R. Faria

  2. Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal

    Isabel J. C. R. Gonçalves

  3. Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science (ICMC), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    André C. P. L. F. de Carvalho

  4. Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support (LIAAD-INESC TEC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    João Gama

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  1. Elaine R. Faria
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  2. Isabel J. C. R. Gonçalves
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  3. André C. P. L. F. de Carvalho
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  4. João Gama
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elaine R. Faria.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 4 Public data sets used in ND in DS
Full size table

The Table 4 lists the principal public online data sets used in the works referred in this survey. They may be downloaded from the following repositories/sites:

  • UCI Machine Learning Repository - is a large collection data sets that may be used in different kinds of machine learning tasks, such as clustering, classification, pattern recognition, with a wide variety of different application areas. Available at http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml.

  • KDD Cup Center - annual Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery competition organized by ACM Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Available at http://www.kdd.org/kddcup/index.php.

  • The NSL-KDD Data Set - is a selected collection of records from the KDD Cup 99 which purpose is to overcome some of the problems of the KDD Cup 99 (Tavallaee et al. 2009). In this site, there are also available different sets for training and testing. Avalaible at http://nsl.cs.unb.ca/NSL-KDD/.

  • Data Mining Tools Repository - tools developed at the UTD data mining lab, headed by Dr. Latifur Khan. Each tool is part of a project, where it is possible to download related published papers, data sets used in the publications and source code of some of the authors algorithms . Available at http://dml.utdallas.edu/Mehedy/.

  • MOA - is an open source framework for DS mining. It includes synthetic data generators for classification and clustering tasks.

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Faria, E.R., Gonçalves, I.J.C.R., de Carvalho, A.C.P.L.F. et al. Novelty detection in data streams. Artif Intell Rev 45, 235–269 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-015-9444-8

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