Abstract
While the number of people suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) has increased considerably in recent years, the multiple deficits of these patients makes designing the rehabilitation process a challenge for practitioners. They need to group similar patients, due to their features and/ or diseases in order to assign them to the same clinically significant group to facilitate the design of appropriate rehabilitation activities. The information used to group the patients depends on the type of patient as well as the possible groups to be formed. This work focuses on studying how grouping patients with TBI has been carried out so far by means of clustering algorithms. The main interest in grouping TBI patients is the need to address this heterogeneity to create clinical guidelines or rehabilitation activities for individual groups and detect the characteristic features of each group. This study’s main aims are: (1) to determine the purposes of the clustering algorithms developed for TBI patients, (2) to identify the normally considered deficits, (3) to determine the most commonly used clustering algorithms, (4) to identify the types of features usually employed for TBI clustering, (5) to analyse the data pre-processing techniques applied, (5) to identify the parameters chosen when running a clustering algorithm for TBI patients, and (6) to determine the efficiency/effectiveness achieved by clustering algorithms.
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Acknowledgements
This paper is part of the R+D+i project PID2019-108915RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.130.39/501100011033. It has also been funded by the University of Castilla-La Mancha thanks to the PhD scholarship 2019-PREDUCLM-10772.
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Alejandro Moya: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Elena Pretel: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Elena Navarro: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Javier Jaén: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing.
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Appendices
Appendix
Appendix A: Deficits in TBI
According to specialists in the area, such as the Association of Acquired Brain Injury of Castilla-La Mancha (ADACE) (ADACE CLM), people with TBI may suffer multiple deficits depending on the area of the brain that has been damaged. The deficits that a person with TBI may suffer can be divided into three large groups (Montero et al. 2011): Physical/Motor deficits (Table 21), Cognitive/Intellectual deficits (Table 22) and Behavioural/Emotional deficits (Table 23).
Appendix B: Articles included
Following the methodology described in Sect. 4, a total of 105 articles were obtained to perform the analysis. The main information for each included article can be seen in Table 24.
Appendix C: Quality evaluation of the articles included
In the following table (Table 25), the quality score computed for each article included in the review is presented.
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Moya, A., Pretel, E., Navarro, E. et al. A systematic literature review of clustering techniques for patients with traumatic brain injury. Artif Intell Rev 56 (Suppl 1), 351–419 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10531-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10531-2