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Multilevel thresholding image segmentation using meta-heuristic optimization algorithms: comparative analysis, open challenges and new trends

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Abstract

This paper studied the multilevel threshold image segmentation-based metaheuristics optimization methods and their applications. Image segmentation is a common problem in the image processing domain, and it is an essential process in image analysis, directly impacting image analysis results. Thresholding is one of the most manageable and extensively utilized methods for handling image segmentation problems. In this paper, four main parts are given; (1) We present the main procedures and definitions of the multilevel threshold image segmentation problem. The standard fitness function and the evaluation criteria are also given to facilitate the problem representation for the new researchers in this domain. (2) All the related works that have used optimization methods in solving the multilevel threshold image segmentation problems are presented in more detail, focusing on the image segmentation problem and its solutions. The given related works are outlined according to the used algorithms. (3) Comprehensive results and analysis of several well-known optimization algorithms are conducted to solve the multilevel threshold image segmentation problems. These comparative methods include Aquila Optimizer (AO), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO), Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA), Krill Herd Algorithm (KHA), Multi-verse Optimizer (MVO), and Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO). Eight standard benchmark images are used to test the comparative methods. The results are evaluated using three standard measures: fitness function, PeakSignal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). (4) Discussion, open challenging, and new trends are given to help the scholars in future research get near the common problems and defect in that domain. The collected data in this review has been taken from google scholar using the stander search method. The main keywords that have been used in the search are multilevel, threshold, image, segmentation, optimization, and algorithm. We covered all the published papers in detail according to the given information, focusing on finding the common problems that still need further investigation. Furthermore, future research directions based on recently evolving designs are outlined, which should undoubtedly aid current researchers and practitioners and pave the way for new researchers interested in multilevel threshold image segmentation to seek their research in the field.

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Data Availability

Data is available from the authors upon reasonable request.

Notes

  1. https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/bsds/

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code: (22UQU4320277DSR10).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan

    Laith Abualigah

  2. Faculty of Information Technology, Middle East University, 11831, Amman, Jordan

    Laith Abualigah

  3. Computer Engineering Department, Computer and Information Systems College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia

    Khaled H. Almotairi

  4. Department of Artificial Intelligence Science and Engineering, Galala University, Suze, 435611, Egypt

    Mohamed Abd Elaziz

  5. Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

    Mohamed Abd Elaziz

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  1. Laith Abualigah
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  3. Mohamed Abd Elaziz
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Correspondence to Laith Abualigah.

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Abualigah, L., Almotairi, K.H. & Elaziz, M.A. Multilevel thresholding image segmentation using meta-heuristic optimization algorithms: comparative analysis, open challenges and new trends. Appl Intell 53, 11654–11704 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-04064-4

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