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Short-term traffic flow prediction based on spatial–temporal attention time gated convolutional network with particle swarm optimization

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Abstract

Recently, the surge in vehicle ownership has led to a corresponding increase in the complexity of traffic data. Consequently, accurate traffic flow prediction has become crucial for effective traffic management. While the advancements in intelligent transportation system (ITS) and internet of things (IoT) technology have facilitated traffic flow prediction, many existing methods overlook the influence of the training process on model accuracy. Traditional approaches often fail to account for this critical aspect. Hence, a new approach to traffic flow prediction is introduced in this paper: a spatial–temporal attention time-gated convolutional network based on particle swarm optimization (PSO-STATG). This method uses the particle swarm algorithm to dynamically optimize the learning rate and epoch parameters throughout the training process. Firstly, spatial–temporal correlations are extracted through spatial map convolution and time-gated convolution, facilitated by an attention mechanism. Subsequently, the learning rate and epoch parameters are dynamically adjusted during the training phase via the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, experiments are conducted with real-world datasets, and the results are compared with those from several existing methods. The experimental results indicate that the accuracy and stability of our proposed model in predicting traffic flow are superior.

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Data availability

The original highway datasets are derived from [37].The raw data used in this work are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number (52272367).

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Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

Zhongxing Li: Supervision, Formal Analysis, Writing-Review and Editing. Zenan Li: Methodology, Visualization, Software, Writing-Original Draft. Chaofeng Pan: Funding Acquisition, Resources, Project Administration. Jian Wang: Conceptualization, Writing-Review and Editing.

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Correspondence to Chaofeng Pan.

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Ethical and informed consent for data used.

The data used in this study come from the California State Traffic Performance Measurement System (PEMS) public datasets, designed for transportation research. They do not contain any personally identifiable information or sensitive data. No specific informed consent was required for this study as the data used were obtained from publicly accessible sources which do not contain information related to individual human subjects.

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Li, Z., Li, Z., Pan, C. et al. Short-term traffic flow prediction based on spatial–temporal attention time gated convolutional network with particle swarm optimization. Appl Intell 55, 214 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-024-06117-2

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