Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Ontologies and reasoning techniques for (legal) intelligent information retrieval systems

  • Published:
Artificial Intelligence and Law Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An application of Narrative Knowledge Representation Language (NKRL) techniques on (declassified) ‘terrorism in Southern Philippines’ documents has been carried out in the context of the IST Parmenides project. This paper describes some aspects of this work: it is our belief, in fact, that the Knowledge Representation techniques and the Intelligent Information Retrieval tools used in this experiment can be of some interest also in an ‘Ontological Modelling of Legal Events and Legal Reasoning’ context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aleven, V. (1997). Teaching Case-Based Reasoning Through a Model and Examples. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (PA)

  • Ashley K. D. (1991) Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals in HYPO, International Journal of Man-Machines Studies 34:753–796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baader F., Calvanese D., McGuinness D., Nardi D., Patel-Schneider P. F., (eds) (2003) The Description Logic Handbook. University Press, Cambridge

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bechhofer, S., van Harmelen, F., Hendler, J., Horrocks, I., McGuinness, D. L., Patel-Schneider, P. F., and Stein, L. A. (eds.) (2004). OWL Web Ontology Language Reference – W3C Recommendation 10 February 2004. W3C (http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/)

  • Bertino E., Catania B., Zarri G. P. (2001) Intelligent Database Systems. Addison-Wesley and ACM Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertino, E., Ferrari, E., Perego, A., and Zarri, G. P. (2005). A Multi-strategy Approach to Rating and Filtering Online Resources. In Database and Expert Systems Applications - Proceedings of the 16th International Conference, DEXA’05. IEEE Computer Society Press: Los Alamitos (CA)

  • Black, W. J., Jowett, S., Mavroudakis, T., McNaught, J., Theodoulidis, B., Vasilakopoulos, A., Zarri, G. P., and Zervanou, K. (2004). Ontology-Enablement of a System for Semantic Annotation of Digital Documents. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Knowledge Markup and Semantic Annotation (SEMANNOT 2004) – 3rd International Semantic Web Conference. W3C: Hiroshima (Japan)

  • Boella G., Lesmo L., Damiano R. (2005) On the Ontological Status of Norms. In: Bejamins R., Casanovas M., Breuker J., Gangemi A. (eds), Law and the Semantic Web (LNCS n. 3369). Springer Verlag. Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Boley, H., Tabet, S., and Wagner, G. (2001). Design Rationale of RuleML: A Markup Language for Semantic Web Rules. In Proceedings of SWWS’01, The First Semantic Web Working Symposium. Stanford University Press: Stanford

  • Clark K. L., Tärnlund S.-A., (eds) (1982). Logic Programming. Academic Press, London

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Clocksin W. F., Mellish C. S. (1981) Programming in PROLOG. Springer-Verlag, Berlin

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett D. (2003) Reasoning and Unification over Conceptual Graphs. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis G. (1995) Compiling Conceptual Graph. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 7:68–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fikes R., Hayes P., Horrocks I. (2004) OWL-QL – A Language for Deductive Query Answering on the Semantic Web. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web 2:19–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Masolo, C., Oltramari, A., and Schneider, L. (2002). Sweetening Ontologies with DOLCE. In Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, Ontologies and the Semantic Web – Proceedings of the 13th European Knowledge Acquisition Conference, EKAW’2002. Springer-Verlag: Berlin

  • Gangemi, A., Sagri, M.-T., and Tiscornia, D. (2003). Metadata for Content Description in Legal Information. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Legal Ontologies & Web Based Legal Information Management, 9th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL-2003). ACM Press: New York

  • Golding A. R., Rosenbloom P. S. (1987) Improving Accuracy by Combining Rule-Based and Case-Based Reasoning. Artificial Intelligence 87:215–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haarslev, V. and Möller, R. (2003). Racer: A Core Inference Engine for the Semantic Web. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Ontology Tools (EON2003), Sanibel Island, October 20, 2003, Florida, USA

  • Hatala M., Wakkary R., Kalantari L. (2005) Rules and Ontologies in Support of Real-Time Ubiquitous Application. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web 3:5–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horridge M. (2004) A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies with the Protégé-OWL Plugin. (Edition 1.0). The University of Manchester, Manchester

  • Horrocks, I., Patel-Schneider, P. F., Boley, H., Tabet, S., Grosof, B., and Dean, M. (2004). SWRL: A Semantic Web Rule Language Combining OWL and RuleML – W3C Member Submission 21 May 2004. W3C (http://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/)

  • Horrocks I., Patel-Schneider P. F., Bechhofer S., Tsarkov D. (2005) OWL Rules: A Proposal and Prototype Implementation. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web 3:23–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. J. I. (1987). On the Relationship Between Permission and Obligation. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL-1987). ACM Press: New York

  • Koster, C. H. A. (2004). Head/Modifier Frames for Information Retrieval. In Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference, CICLing 2004. Springer-Verlag: Berlin

  • Lenat D. B., Guha R. V., Pittman K., Pratt D., Shepherd M. (1990) CYC: Toward Programs With Common Sense. Communications of the ACM 33(8):30–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lomuscio A., Nute D. (eds.) (2005). Journal of Applied Logic – Special Issue on Deontic Logic in Computer Science. 3:369–516

  • McCarty, L. T. (1989). A Language for Legal Discourse, I. Basic Features. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL-1989). ACM Press: New York

  • McCarty, L. T. (1995). An Implementation of Eisner v. Macomber. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL-1995). ACM Press: New York

  • McGuinness D. L., Fikes R., Hendler J., Stein L. A. (2002). DAML+OIL: An Ontology Language for the Semantic Web. IEEE Intelligent Systems 17(5):72–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noy, F. N., Fergerson, R. W., and Musen, M. A. (2000). The Knowledge Model of Protégé-2000: Combining Interoperability and Flexibility. In Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling, and Management – Proceedings of EKAW’2000. Springer-Verlag: Berlin

  • Noy, N. and Rector, A. (eds.) (2005). Defining N-ary Relations on the Semantic Web – W3C Editor’s Draft 7 September 2005. W3C (http://www.smi-web.stanford.edu/people/noy/nAryRelations/n-aryRelations-2nd-WD.html)

  • Rinaldi, F., Dowdall, J., Hess, M., Ellman, J., Zarri, G. P., Persidis, A., Bernard, L., and Karanikas, H. (2003). Multilayer Annotations in PARMENIDES. In Proceedings of the K-CAP (International Conference on Knowledge Capture) 2003 Workshop on Knowledge Markup and Semantic Annotation, October 25–26, 2003, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA

  • Rosati R. (2005) On the Decidability and Complexity of Integrating Ontologies and Rules. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web 3:61–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, B. and Verheij, B. (2004). Cases and Dialectical Arguments – An Approach to Case-Based Reasoning. In Meersman, R., Tari, Z., and Corsaro, A. (eds.) Proceedings of OTM Confederated International Workshops and Posters 2004 – Workshop on Regulatory Ontologies (WORM). Springer-Verlag: Berlin

  • Sartor, G. (1998). A Dialectical Model of Case Based Reasoning. In Quirchmayr, G., Schweighofer, E., and Bench-Capon, T. J. M. (eds.) 9th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications, DEXA ’98. Springer-Verlag: Berlin

  • Sintek, M. and Decker, S. (2002). TRIPLE – A Query, Inference, and Transformation Language for the Semantic Web. In Proceedings of the First International Semantic Web Conference – ISWC 2002. Springer-Verlag: Berlin

  • Sowa J. F. (1984) Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine. Addison-Wesley, Reading (MA)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Sowa J. F. (1999) Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations. Brooks Cole Publishing Co, Pacific Grove (CA)

    Google Scholar 

  • van Kralingen, R. (1997). A Conceptual Frame-based Ontology for the Law. In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Legal Ontologies, 6th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL-1997). ACM Press: New York

  • Visser, P. R. S. and Bench-Capon, T. J. M. (1999). Ontologies in the Design of Legal Knowledge Systems: Towards a Library of Legal Domain Ontologies. In Herik, H. J. (ed.) Legal Knowledge-based Systems – JURIX’99: The Twelfth Conference. Gerard Noodt Instituut: Nijmegen

  • Willems, M. (1995). Projection and Unification for Conceptual Graphs. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS’95. Springer-Verlag: Berlin

  • Zarri, G. P. (1992). Semantic Modeling of the Content of (Normative) Natural Language Documents. In Actes des douzièmes journées internationales d’Avignon ‘Les systèmes experts et leurs applications’ - Conférence spécialisée sur le traitement du langage naturel. EC2: Nanterre

  • Zarri G. P. (1997) NKRL, a Knowledge Representation Tool for Encoding the ‘Meaning’ of Complex Narrative Texts. Natural Language Engineering – Special Issue on Knowledge Representation for Natural Language Processing in Implemented Systems 3:231–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarri G. P. (1998) Representation of Temporal Knowledge in Events: The Formalism, and Its Potential for Legal Narratives. Information & Communications Technology Law – Special Issue on Models of Time, Action, and Situations 7:213–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarri G. P. (2003) A Conceptual Model for Representing Narratives. In: Jain R., Abraham A., Faucher C., van der Zwaag, B. (eds) Innovations in Knowledge Engineering. Advanced Knowledge International: Adelaide

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarri G. P. (2004a) NKRL Manual, Part I – A Description of the Most Important Features of the Language (Parmenides Technical Report). University of Paris IV/Sorbonne, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarri G. P. (2004b) NKRL Manual, Part II – the HTemp and HClass Hierarchies (Parmenides Technical Report). University of Paris IV/Sorbonne, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarri, G. P. (2005a) Integrating the Two Main Inference Modes of NKRL, Transformations and Hypotheses. Journal on Data Semantics (JoDS) 4:304–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zarri, G. P. (2005b). An n-ary Language for Representing Narrative Information on the Web. In Boquet, P. and Tummarello, G. (eds.) SWAP 2005, Semantic Web Applications and Perspectives – Proceedings of the 2nd Italian Semantic Web Workshop (CEUR-WS.org/Vol-166). Sun SITE Central Europe: Aachen

  • Zarri G. P., Bernard L. (2004a) Using NKRL Inference Techniques To Deal With MoD ’Terrorism’ Information (Parmenides Technical Report). University of Paris IV/Sorbonne, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarri G. P., Bernard L. (2004b) NKRL Manual, Part III – The NKRL Software (Parmenides IST Report). University of Paris IV/Sorbonne, Paris

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. LaLIC, University Paris4-Sorbonne, Maison de la Recherche – 28, rue Serpente, 75006, Paris, France

    Gian Piero Zarri

Authors
  1. Gian Piero Zarri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gian Piero Zarri.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zarri, G.P. Ontologies and reasoning techniques for (legal) intelligent information retrieval systems. Artif Intell Law 15, 251–279 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-007-9037-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-007-9037-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation