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PB-MII: replacing static RSUs with public buses-based mobile intermediary infrastructure in urban VANET-based clouds

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Abstract

The success of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) among vehicle consumers is subject to the quality of comfort and realism of safety promised by this technology. Recently VANET evolved to a rather more application and services-rich paradigm referred to as VANET-based clouds. However, the initial deployment stage of VANET and its successor VANET-based cloud is going to be a daunting challenge due to less market penetration rate of the technology-enabled vehicles, and the deployment and cost of road-side infrastructure. To fill the gaps, in this paper, after arguing on the predictability of spatiotemporal characteristics of the public transport buses in urban areas, we propose a mechanism where these buses are used as mobile gateways (MGs) among vehicles on the road, VANET authorities, and the cloud infrastructure. MGs work as functional entities of the mobile intermediary infrastructure (MII) in VANET-based clouds. Our proposed scheme can serve as a feasible, cost-effective, and pre-established MII for standalone VANET and VANET-based clouds. We furthermore, carry out feasibility analysis through a communication scheme in VANET-based clouds. More precisely we consider the traffic information aggregation and dissemination in VANET-based clouds. In order to argue on the feasibility of buses as MGs, we consider real-time road network dynamics in Seoul, South Korea where the public buses provide perfect connectivity to other vehicular nodes in the neighborhood. In VANET-based clouds application, vehicles share coarse-grained information with clouds through MGs and receive fine-grained traffic information from cloud infrastructure through MGs in real-time. Our simulation results show that MGs provide almost 100% coverage in average traffic scenarios and about 98% coverage in worst traffic scenarios. These MGs also provide the vehicles with about 84% traffic information in worst case and over 90% traffic information in average traffic scenarios. Our proposed infrastructure can be a strong rationale for the initial deployment of these technologies and can possibly be a reasonable partial or full replacement for static RSUs in the urban scenarios.

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Notes

  1. In this paper, we use the terms ‘heart-beat messages’, CAM, and beacons interchangeably. These terms refer to the same concept of current mobility information.

  2. SAE J2735, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Message Set Dictionary, 2009.

  3. [Online] https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2015/03/02/qualcomm-drives-future-automotive-connectivity-new-4g-lte-modems.

  4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_list.

  5. The length of the segments has been kept variable and its effect is checked through simulation which will be discussed in the feasibility analysis.

  6. http://standards.sae.org/j2735_200911/.

  7. It is worth mentioning that information received from the cloud through MG could be used for the consistency of the information itself. For instance, vehicles construct local traffic view through one-hop CAMs and could compare the constructed information with that of the received information from MG.

  8. We assume that mechanism for checking the integrity of the warning messages and their reliability are already in place and are out of the scope of this paper.

  9. http://lca.epfl.ch/projects/trans/.

  10. In major cities there are designated lanes for only buses as well. Such phenomenon proves our claim as well.

  11. http://citynet-ap.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Seoul-Public-Transportation-English.pdf.

  12. http://sumo-sim.org/.

  13. “Network Simulator ns-2,” http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.

  14. http://read.pudn.com/downloads155/sourcecode/comm/wireless/689495/vanetrbc-ns229/vanetrbc_ns2.pdf.

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Acknowledgements

This research was also supported in part by the NRF (National Research Foundation of Korea) grant funded by the Korea government MEST (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology) (No. NRF-2015R1D1A1A09058200).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Information Systems, Innopolis University, Innopolis, Tatarstan, Russia

    Rasheed Hussain

  2. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, ERICA Campus, Sa 3-dong, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi, 426-791, South Korea

    Zeinab Rezaeifar & Heekuck Oh

  3. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, South Korea

    Sangjin Kim

  4. Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Software Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA

    Junggab Son

  5. Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA

    Md Zakirul Alam Bhuiyan

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  1. Rasheed Hussain
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  2. Zeinab Rezaeifar
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Correspondence to Heekuck Oh.

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Hussain, R., Rezaeifar, Z., Son, J. et al. PB-MII: replacing static RSUs with public buses-based mobile intermediary infrastructure in urban VANET-based clouds. Cluster Comput 20, 2231–2252 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-017-0883-7

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