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Knowledge base completion by learning pairwise-interaction differentiated embeddings

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Abstract

A knowledge base of triples like (subject entity, predicate relation,object entity) is a very important resource for knowledge management. It is very useful for human-like reasoning, query expansion, question answering (Siri) and other related AI tasks. However, such a knowledge base often suffers from incompleteness due to a large volume of increasing knowledge in the real world and a lack of reasoning capability. In this paper, we propose a Pairwise-interaction Differentiated Embeddings model to embed entities and relations in the knowledge base to low dimensional vector representations and then predict the possible truth of additional facts to extend the knowledge base. In addition, we present a probability-based objective function to improve the model optimization. Finally, we evaluate the model by considering the problem of computing how likely the additional triple is true for the task of knowledge base completion. Experiments on WordNet and Freebase show the excellent performance of our model and algorithm.

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Notes

  1. google.com/insidesearch/features/search/knowledge.html, 10-05-2015.

  2. dbpedia.org, 10-05-2015.

  3. geneontology.org, 10-05-2015.

  4. Such as (subject entity, object entity), (subject entity, predicate relation) and (object entity, predicate relation).

  5. For simplicity, we use subject refer to subject entity, predicate refer to predicate relation and object refer to object entity in the next.

  6. Total order is a binary relation (here denoted by \(\ge \)) which is antisymmetric, transitive and total.

  7. \(\forall o_1, o_2 \in E: o_1 \ge _{s,p} o_2 \wedge o_2 \ge _{s,p} o_1 \Rightarrow o_1 = o_2\) (antisymmetry).

  8. \(\forall o_1, o_2, o_3 \in E: o_1 \ge _{s,p} o_2 \wedge o_2 \ge _{s,p} o_3 \Rightarrow o_1 \ge _{s,p} o_3\) (transitivity).

  9. \(\forall o_1,o_2 \in E: o_1 \ne o_2 \Rightarrow o_1 \ge _{s,p} o_2 \vee o_2 \ge _{s,p} o_1\) (totality).

  10. \(f_1,f_2,f_3\) denote the pairwise-interaction functions.

  11. We do not replace both subject entity and object entity with random one at the same time.

  12. \([x]_+\) denotes the positive part of x (i.e. \([x]_+:=max\{0,x\}\)).

  13. The entities of WordNet are denoted by the concatenation of a word, its POS tag and a digital number. The number refers to its sense. E.g. “_payment_NN_1” encodes the first meaning of the noun “payment”.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61300080, No. 61273217, the 111 Project under Grant No. B08004 and FP7 MobileCloud Project under Grant No. 612212. The authors are partially supported by the Key project of China Ministry of Education under Grant No. MCM20130310, Huawei’s Innovation Research Program and Postgraduate Innovation Fund of SICE, BUPT, 2015. We are thankful to the anonymous reviewers of DMKD whose comments helped us improving this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China

    Yu Zhao, Sheng Gao & Jun Guo

  2. LIP6, Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

    Patrick Gallinari

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  1. Yu Zhao
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Correspondence to Yu Zhao, Sheng Gao or Jun Guo.

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Responsible editors: Joao Gama, Indre Zliobaite, Alipio Jorge, Concha Bielza.

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Zhao, Y., Gao, S., Gallinari, P. et al. Knowledge base completion by learning pairwise-interaction differentiated embeddings. Data Min Knowl Disc 29, 1486–1504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-015-0430-1

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