Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of the traditional classroom model, distance education model and flipped classroom model designed according to ARCS (attention, relevance, confidence and satisfaction) motivation strategies on motivation and academic achievement levels. For this purpose, the study was conducted by using an experimental pretest-posttest control group design. Purposive sampling was used to determine the participants. Frequency, percentage, mean, dependent groups t-test and ANOVA test were utilized for data analysis. The results indicated that the academic achievement levels of the students in the flipped classroom model using ARCS motivation strategies were significantly higher than those of the students in the distance education classroom model and the traditional classroom model. In addition, the training process did not lead to a significant change in the motivation of the students in the traditional classroom model and distance education classroom model, but did lead to a significant change in the motivation of the students in the flipped classroom model. In response to the results of the study, various suggestions were made.

Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Acar, S. (2009). The effects of ARCS motivation strategies on learners academic succeses, permanances of learning, motivations and attitudes in web supported performance based learning. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
Acar, S., & Uslu, D. (2014). The effect of “e-learning system –virtual class” application on students motivation in web-based instruction. EJOVOC (Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges), 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1501/OTAM_0000000385.
Al, U., & Madran, R. O. (2004). Web-based distance education systems: Required features and standards. Bilgi Dünyası, 5(2), 259–271.
Arnone, M. P., & Small, R. V. (1999). Evaluating the motivational effectiveness of children's websites. Educational Technology, 39(2), 51–55.
Aşıksoy, G., & Özdamlı, F. (2016). Flipped classroom adapted to the ARCS model of motivation and applied to a physics course. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 12, 6.
Astleitner, H., & Hufnagl, M. (2003). The effects of situation-outcome-expectancies and of ARCS-strategies on self-regulated learning with web-lectures. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 12(4), 361–376.
Bahar, E., & Kaya, F. (2013). The attitudes of social programs students in vocational high schools towards the use of information technologies. Journal of Higher Education & Science, 3(1), 70–79.
Bennett, C. F., & Monds, K. E. (2008). Online courses: The real challenge is “motivation”. College Teaching Methods and Styles Journal, 4(6), 1–6.
Bilgiç, H. G., & Tüzün, H. (2015). Problems in web-based distance education programs of higher education institutions. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(3), 26–50.
Bingöl, A., & Halisdemir, N. (2017). Development of academic achievement test for the university students in basic information technologies course. International Journal of Social Science, 54, 541–554.
Bonk, C. (2001). Online teaching in an online world. http://www.publicationshare.com/docs/faculty_survey_report.pdf Accessed 25 December 2018.
Can, A. (2013). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecince nicel veri analizi. Ankara: Pegem Publishing.
Cabı, E., & Ergün, E. (2016). The impact of instructional technologies and material development course on the teacher candidates’ concern about using educational technologies. Başkent University Journal of Education, 3(1), 37–43.
Carswell, A. D., & Venkatesh, V. (2002). Learner outcomes in an asynchronous distance education environment. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 56(5), 475–494.
Çelik, V. (2009). Sınıf yönetimi. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
Çetin, U. (2007). The effect of the computer assisted education software based on ARCS motivation model on students achievement and permanance of learning. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
ChanLin, L. J. (2009). Applying motivational analysis in a web-based course. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 46(1), 91–103.
Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Kinshuk, & Chen, N. S. (2014). Is FLIP enough? or should we use the FLIPPED model instead? Computers and Education, 79, 16–27.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2005). Research methods in education (5th ed.). London: Routledge Falmer.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative. Fourth edition. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River.
Dede, Y. (2003). The effect of the ARCS motivation model upon the students’ motivation towards mathematics. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 14(14), 173–182.
Deslauriers, L., Schelew, E., & Wieman, C. (2011). Improved learning in a large-enrollment physics class. Science (New York, N.Y.), 332(6031), 862–864. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201783.
Eşgi, N. (2006). The effect of the printed material and face to face teaching on students’ success on web based teaching. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 4(4), 459–475.
Frydenberg, M. (2012). Flipping Excel. 2012 Proceedings of the Information Systems Educators Conference, 1–1, New Orleans: EDSIG.
Gabrielle, D. M. (2003). The effects of technology-mediated instructional strategies on motivation, performance and self-directed learning. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. USA: Florida State University.
Gençer, B. G., Gürbulak, N., & Adıgüzel, T. (2014). Eğitimde yeni bir süreç: Ters-yüz sınıf sistemi. In International teacher education conference (ITEC).
Gilboy, M. B., Heinerichs, S., & Pazzaglia, G. (2015). Enhancing student engagement using the flipped classroom. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(1), 109–114.
Gokcul, M. (2007). The effects of computer software based on Keller's ARCS motivational model on the academic achievement and retention at teaching of mathematics. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
Goodwin, B., & Miller, K. (2013). Evidence on flipped classrooms is still coming in. Educational Leadership, 70(6), 78–80.
Huett, J. B. (2006). The effects of ARCS-based confidence strategies on learner confidence and performance in distance education (pp. 1–142). University of North Texas.
Hung, H. (2014). Flipping the classroom for English language learners to foster active learning, (October), 37–41, https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2014.967701.
Karabatak, S., & Turhan, M. (2017). Effectiveness of web-based problem-based school administrator training program and its effect on participants’ attitudes towards web-based learning. PEGEGOG, 7(4), 663–712. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2017.024.
Keller, J. M. (1983). Motivational design of instruction. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design theories and models: An overview of their current status (pp. 383–403). Hilldale: New Jersey, Lawrance Erlbaum Associates Inc..
Keller, J. M. (1987). Development and use of ARCS model in instructional design. Journal of Instructional Development, 10(3), 2–10.
Keller, J. M. (2006). Development of two measures of learner motivation: CIS and IMMS, version: 060222. Unpublished manuscript in progress. Florida State University.
Keller, J. M. (2010). Motivational design for learning and performance: The ARCS model approach. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
Keller, J. M., & Subhiyah, R. (1987). Manual for course interest survey (CIS). Tallahassee, FL, USA.
Kelly, D., & Weibelzahl, S. (2005). Raising confidence levels using motivational contingency design techniques. Dublin: National College of Ireland.
Kong, S. C. (2014). Developing information literacy and critical thinking skills through domain knowledge learning in digital classrooms: An experience of practicing flipped classroom strategy. Computers & Education, 78, 160–173.
Kostaris, C., Sergis, S., Sampson, D. G., Giannakos, M. N., & Pelliccione, L. (2017). Investigating the potential of the flipped classroom model in K-12 ICT teaching and learning: An action research study. Educational Technology & Society, 20(1), 261–273.
Larcara, M. (2014). Benefits of the flipped classroom model. Advances in educational technologies and instructional design: Promoting active learning through the flipped classroom model, 132–144.
Li, K., & Keller, J. M. (2018). Use of the ARCS model in education: A literature review. Computers & Education, 122, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.019.
Li, K., & Moore, D. R. (2018). Motivating students in massive open online courses (MOOCs) using the attention, r, confidence, satisfaction (ARCS) model. Journal of Formative Design in Learning, 2(2), 102–113.
Love, B., Hodge, A., Grandgenett, N., & Swift, A. W. (2013). Student learning and perceptions in a flipped linear algebra course. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 45(3), 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2013.822582.
MacDonald, C. J., Stodel, E. J., Farres, L. G., Breithaupt, K., & Gabriel, M. A. (2001). The demand-driven learning model: A framework for web-based learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 4(1), 9–30.
Malik, S. (2014). Effectiveness of ARCS model of motivational design to overcome non completion rate of students in distance education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(2), 194–200.
Mills, R. J., & Sorensen, N. (2004). Kids college 2004: An implementation of the ARCS model of motivational design. USA: Utah University.
Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2011). Distance education: A systems view of online learning. Cengage Learning.
Morrison, D. (2003). E-learning strategies: How to get implementation and delivery right first time. England: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Naime-Diefenbach, B. (1991). Validation of attention and confidence as independent components of the ARCS motivational model. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
Roach, T. (2014). Student perceptions toward flipped learning: New methods to increase interaction and active learning in economics. International Review of Economics Education, 17, 74–84.
Schultz, D., Duffield, S., Rasmussen, S. C., & Wageman, J. (2014). Effects of the flipped classroom model on student performance for advanced placement high school chemistry students. Journal of Chemical Education, 91(9), 1334–1339.
Silverman, D. (2006). Interpreting qualitative data (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
Thalheimer, W., Cook, S. (2002). How to calculate effect sizes from published research articles: A simplified methodology. Work-Learning Research, 1–9.
Turel, Y. K., & Sanal, S. O. (2018). The effects of an ARCS based e-book on student's achievement, motivation and anxiety. Computers & Education, 127, 130–140.
Ünsal, H. (2007). Evaluation of blended learning acticity on multiple levels. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
Ünsal, N Ö. (2014). Research conducted on determinatıon the interest level of learners in lessons and teaching materials who learn ten-finger f keyboard according to Acar method. Unpublished Master's thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
Usta, E. (2007). The effects of blended learning and online learning on academic achievement and student satisfaction. Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turkey: Unpublished PhD Thesis.
Verleger, M. A., & Bishop, L. J. (2013). The flipped classrom: A survey of the research. 120th ASEE Conference & Exposition. American Society for Engineering Education., 20–26.
Winter, J. B. (2013). The effect of the flipped classroom model on achievement in an introductory college physics course. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Mississippi State University.
Yolcu, H. (2015). Blended learning and its applications basics. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, International Journal of Social Science, 33, 255–260.
Zownorega, J. S. (2013). Effectiveness of flipping the classroom in a honors level, mechanics-based physics class. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Eastern Illinois University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karabatak, S., Polat, H. The effects of the flipped classroom model designed according to the ARCS motivation strategies on the students’ motivation and academic achievement levels. Educ Inf Technol 25, 1475–1495 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09985-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09985-1