Abstract
It is necessary to ensure that the combination of blended learning forms is suitable for the type of learning style. Experiments conducted with a 3 × 4 design, online-face-to-face composition (25–75, 50–50, 75–25) implemented into four groups of learning style types (Diverger, Assimilator, Converger, Accommodator). We took a total of seven participants randomly and placed them in each group. The data collected was analyzed by 2-Way Anova, Sig .05. Both the variety of compositions and the types of learning styles differed significantly in their competence. Based on the test of the average difference in the type of learning style group, some are not considerably different, but providing essential instructions to be considered in choosing the form of blended learning in the student group based on the type of learning style.

Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Afacan, Y. (2016). Exploring the effectiveness of blended learning in interior design education. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2015.1015595.
Ahonen, E., Pyhältö, K., Pietarinen, J., & Soini, T. (2014). Teachers' professional beliefs about their roles and the pupils' roles in the school. Teacher Development, 18(2), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2014.900818.
Alexakis, G., & Andert, D. (2015). Learning at the speed of readiness: An express learning model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Education, 27(4), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2015.1089512.
Ansari Ricci, L., Persiani, K., Williams, A. D., & Ribas, Y. (2019). Preservice general educators using co-teaching models in math and science classrooms of an urban teacher residency programme: Learning inclusive practices in teacher training. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1563643.
Asarta, C. J., & Schmidt, J. R. (2017). Comparing student performance in blended and traditional courses: Does prior academic achievement matter? Internet and Higher Education, 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2016.08.002.
Baran, E., Correia, A.-P., & Thompson, A. (2011). Transforming online teaching practice: Critical analysis of the literature on the roles and competencies of online teachers. Distance Education, 32(3), 421–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2011.610293.
Bicen, H., Ozdamli, F., & Uzunboylu, H. (2014). Online and blended learning approach on instructional multimedia development courses in teacher education. Interactive Learning Environments, 22(4), 529–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2012.682586.
Boelens, R., Voet, M., & De Wever, B. (2018). The design of blended learning in response to student diversity in higher education: Instructors' views and use of differentiated instruction in blended learning. Computers & Education, 120, 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.02.009.
Bolsen, T., Evans, M., & Fleming, A. M. (2016). A comparison of online and face-to-face approaches to teaching introduction to American government. Journal of Political Science Education, 12(3), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/15512169.2015.1090905.
Botts, R. T., Carter, L., & Crockett, C. (2018). Using the blended learning approach in a quantitative literacy course. PRIMUS, 28(3), 236–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511970.2017.1371264.
Brunton, B. (2015). Learning styles and student performance in introductory economics. Journal of Education for Business, 90(2), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2014.980716.
Chandra, V., & Briskey, J. (2012). ICT driven pedagogies and its impact on learning outcomes in high school mathematics. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 7(1), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.5172/ijpl.2012.7.1.73.
Chang-Tik, C. (2018). Impact of learning styles on the community of inquiry presences in multi-disciplinary blended learning environments. Interactive Learning Environments, 26(6), 827–838. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2017.1419495.
Chimmalgi, M. (2018). Off-line virtual microscopy in teaching histology to the undergraduate medical students: Do the benefits correlate with the learning style preferences? Journal of the Anatomical Society of India, 67(2), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2018.11.010.
Chmiel, A. S., Shaha, M., & Schneider, D. K. (2017). Introduction of blended learning in a master program: Developing an integrative mixed method evaluation framework. Nurse Education Today, 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.10.008.
Cutri, R. M., & Whiting, E. F. (2018). Opening spaces for teacher educator knowledge in a faculty development program on blended learning course development. Studying Teacher Education, 14(2), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425964.2018.1447920.
De Jong, T., Linn, M. C., & Zacharia, Z. C. (2013). Physical and virtual laboratories in science and engineering education. Science, 340(6130), 305–308. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230579.
DeCoito, I. (2006). Innovations in science education: Challenging and changing teachers' roles and beliefs. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education, 6(4), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/14926150609556709.
Dendir, S. (2019). Performance differences between face-to-face and online students in economics. Journal of Education for Business, 94(3), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2018.1503586.
Donnelly, R. (2006). Blended problem-based learning for teacher education: Lessons learnt. Learning, Media and Technology, 31(2), 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439880600756621.
Dos, B. (2014). Developing and evaluating a blended learning course. The Anthropologist, 17(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2014.11891421.
Francis, R., & Shannon, S. J. (2013). Engaging with blended learning to improve students' learning outcomes. European Journal of Engineering Education, 38(4), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2013.766679.
George‐Walker, L. De, & Keeffe, M. (2010). Self-determined blended learning: A case study of blended learning design. Higher Education Research and Development, 29(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360903277380.
Goodwin, A. L., & Kosnik, C. (2013). Quality teacher educators = quality teachers? Conceptualizing essential domains of knowledge for those who teach teachers. Teacher Development, 17(3), 334–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2013.813766.
Green, A. J., & Sammons, G. E. (2014). Student learning styles: Assessing active learning in the hospitality learners model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Education, 26(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2014.880617.
Haruehansawasin, S., & Kiattikomol, P. (2018). Scaffolding in problem-based learning for low-achieving learners. The Journal of Educational Research, 111(3), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2017.1287045.
Holmes, C. M., & Kozlowski, K. A. (2015). A preliminary comparison of online and face-to-face process groups. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 33(3), 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2015.1038376.
Huang, T.-C. (2019). Do different learning styles make a difference when it comes to creativity? An empirical study. Computers in Human Behavior, 100, 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.003.
Hughes, G. (2007). Using blended learning to increase learner support and improve retention. Teaching in Higher Education, 12(3), 349–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510701278690.
Ifinedo, P., Pyke, J., & Anwar, A. (2018). Business undergraduates' perceived use outcomes of Moodle in a blended learning environment: The roles of usability factors and external support. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.10.001.
Israfilov, N., Borisova, O., Kartashova, O., Davydova, N., Biserova, G., & Gryaznukhin, A. (2020). Motivation and employee effectiveness in online learning environments: Leadership strategies of new generation and emotional intellect. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(09), 258. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i09.13921.
Kantonidou, M. M., & Chatzarakis, G. E. (2005). Technical teacher training in Greece: Trends, concerns and innovative attempts. European Journal of Teacher Education, 28(3), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619760500268766.
Kent, C., Laslo, E., & Rafaeli, S. (2016). Interactivity in online discussions and learning outcomes. Computers in Education, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.002.
Kimmelmann, N., & Lang, J. (2019). Linkage within teacher education: Cooperative learning of teachers and student teachers. European Journal of Teacher Education, 42(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2018.1547376.
Kirschner, P. A. (2017). Stop propagating the learning styles myth. Computers & Education, 106, 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.12.006.
Kissau, S. (2015). Type of instructional delivery and second language teacher candidate performance: Online versus face-to-face. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(6), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2014.881389.
Kömür, Ş. (2010). Teaching knowledge and teacher competencies: A case study of Turkish preservice English teachers. Teaching Education, 21(3), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2010.498579.
Kuo, Y.-C., Belland, B. R., Schroder, K. E. E., & Walker, A. E. (2014). K-12 teachers' perceptions of and their satisfaction with interaction type in blended learning environments. Distance Education, 35(3), 360–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2015.955265.
Kurtz, T., Mogle, J., Sliwinski, M. J., & Hofer, S. M. (2013). Individual differences in task-specific paired associates learning in older adults: The role of processing speed and working memory. Experimental Aging Research, 39(5), 493–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2013.839024.
Lilla, H., & Adrienn, F. (2015). The impact of ICT on learning on-the-job. The Learning Organization, 22(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-06-2014-0032.
Lockhart, J., McKee, D., & Donnelly, D. (2017). Delivering effective blended learning: Managing the dichotomy of humility and hubris in executive education. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/dsji.12120.
López-Pérez, M. V., Pérez-López, M. C., & Rodríguez-Ariza, L. (2011). Blended learning in higher education: Students’ perceptions and their relation to outcomes. Computers & Education, 56(3), 818–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.10.023.
Manolis, C., Burns, D. J., Assudani, R., & Chinta, R. (2013). Assessing experiential learning styles: A methodological reconstruction and validation of the Kolb learning style inventory. Learning and Individual Differences, 23, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.10.009.
Martinez, E. G., & Tuesca, R. (2019). Learning styles and gross anatomy assessment outcomes at a Colombian School of Medicine. Educación Médica, 20(2), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2017.12.012.
McIlveen, P., Perera, H. N., Baguley, M., van Rensburg, H., Ganguly, R., Jasman, A., & Veskova, J. (2019). Impact of teachers' career adaptability and family on professional learning. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 47(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2018.1444141.
McShane *, K. (2004). Integrating face-to-face and online teaching: academics' role concept and teaching choices. Teaching in Higher Education, 9(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356251032000155795.
Mirabella *, V., Kimani, S., Gabrielli, S., & Catarci, T. (2004). Accessible e-learning material: A no-frills avenue for didactical experts. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 10(2), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614560412331325253.
Mohamed, Z., Valcke, M., & De Wever, B. (2017). Are they ready to teach? Student teachers' readiness for the job with reference to teacher competence frameworks. Journal of Education for Teaching, 43(2), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2016.1257509.
Morgan, J. D. (2015). Online versus face-to-face accounting education: A comparison of CPA exam outcomes across matched institutions. Journal of Education for Business, 90(8), 420–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2015.1087371.
Nadlifatin, R., Miraja, B. A., Persada, S. F., Belgiawan, P. F., Redi, A. A. P., & Lin, S.-C. (2020). The measurement of university Students' intention to use blended learning system through technology acceptance model (TAM) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) at developed and developing regions: Lessons learned from Taiwan and Indonesia. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(09), 219. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i09.11517.
Nazar, H., Omer, U., Nazar, Z., & Husband, A. (2019). A study to investigate the impact of a blended learning teaching approach to teach pharmacy law. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12503.
Ndlovu, M. C., & Mostert, I. (2018). Teacher perceptions of Moodle and throughput in a blended learning Programme for in-service secondary school mathematics teachers. Africa Education Review, 15(2), 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2016.1241667.
Nemetz, P. L., Eager, W. M., & Limpaphayom, W. (2017). Comparative effectiveness and student choice for online and face-to-face classwork. Journal of Education for Business, 92(5), 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2017.1331990.
Nickels, M., & Gartner, A. (2018). Rethinking the mathematics block: a blended STEM approach. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 54(4), 186–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2018.1515548
Parsons, A. W., Ankrum, J. W., & Morewood, A. (2016). Professional development to promote teacher adaptability. Theory Into Practice, 55(3), 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2016.1173995.
Phillips, C. J., Stott, D. H., & Birrell, H. V. (1987). The effects of learning style on Progress towards literacy and numeracy. Western European Education, 19(4), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.2753/EUE1056-4934190423.
Pizzi, M. A. (2014). Blended learning pedagogy: The time is now! Occupational Therapy In Health Care, 28(3), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.3109/07380577.2014.908479.
Premlatha, K. R., Dharani, B., & Geetha, T. V. (2016). Dynamic learner profiling and automatic learner classification for adaptive e-learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(6), 1054–1075. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2014.948459.
Razak, N. A., Ab Jalil, H., & Ismail, I. A. (2019). Challenges in ICT integration among Malaysian public primary education teachers: The roles of leaders and stakeholders. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 14(24), 184. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i24.12101.
Ruhalahti, S., Korhonen, A.-M., & Rasi, P. (2017). Authentic, dialogical knowledge construction: A blended and mobile teacher education programme. Educational Research, 59(4), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2017.1369858.
Shen, J., & Palmeri, T. J. (2016). Modelling individual difference in visual categorization. Visual Cognition, 24(3), 260–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2016.1236053.
Shorey, S., Kowitlawakul, Y., Devi, M. K., Chen, H. C., Soong, S. K. A., & Ang, E. (2018). Blended learning pedagogy designed for communication module among undergraduate nursing students: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Education Today, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.11.011.
Shu, H., & Gu, X. (2018). Determining the differences between online and face-to-face student–group interactions in a blended learning course. Internet and Higher Education, 39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2018.05.003.
Stoltzfus, M. W. (2016). Active learning in the flipped classroom: Lessons learned and best practices to increase student engagement. The Flipped Classroom, Volume 1: Background and Challenges, 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1223.ch008.
Svinicki, M. D., & Dixon, N. M. (1987). The Kolb model modified for classroom activities. College Teaching, 35(4), 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.1987.9925469.
Sweeney, M.-R., Kirwan, A., Kelly, M., Corbally, M., O Neill, S., Kirwan, M., … Hussey, P. (2016). Transition to blended learning: experiences from the first year of our blended learning Bachelor of Nursing Studies programme. Contemporary Nurse, 52(5), 612–624. https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2016.1197781.
Toyama, M., & Yamazaki, Y. (2020). Are there effects of a match between learning style and teaching style in an EFL classroom? Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 14(3), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2019.1575386.
Vanslambrouck, S., Zhu, C., Lombaerts, K., Philipsen, B., & Tondeur, J. (2018). Students' motivation and subjective task value of participating in online and blended learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 36, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.09.002.
Vitale, J. M. & Linn, M. C. (2018). Designing virtual laboratories to foster knowledge integration: Buoyancy and density. Cyber-Physical Laboratories in Engineering and Science Education, 163–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76935-6_7.
Vizeshfar, F., & Torabizadeh, C. (2018). The effect of teaching based on dominant learning style on nursing students' academic achievement. Nurse Education in Practice, 28, 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEPR.2017.10.013.
Wang, Y., & Gao, X. (2016). Exploring the expectation differences of teachers' roles in English MA class presentation. Teacher Development, 20(1), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2015.1105862.
Wetzel, A. P., De Arment, S. T., & Reed, E. (2015). Building teacher candidates' adaptive expertise: Engaging experienced teachers in prompting reflection. Reflective Practice, 16(4), 546–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2015.1064380.
Wilke, D. J., King, E., Ashmore, M., & Stanley, C. (2016). Can clinical skills be taught online? Comparing skill development between online and F2F students using a blinded review. Journal of Social Work Education, 52(4), 484–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2016.1215276.
Wong, K. L., Lee, C. K. J., Chan, K. S. J., & Kennedy, K. J. (2019). Teacher self-efficacy in cultivating students to become 'good citizens': A Hong Kong case. Teacher Development, 23(2), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2018.1550435.
Wynd, W. R., & Bozman, C. S. (1996). Student learning style: A segmentation strategy for higher education. Journal of Education for Business, 71(4), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.1996.10116790.
Yang, J. C., & Quadir, B. (2018). Individual differences in an English learning achievement system: Gaming flow experience, gender differences and learning motivation. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 27(3), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2018.1460618.
Yang, J., Yu, H., & Chen, N. (2019). Using blended synchronous classroom approach to promote learning performance in rural area. Computers & Education, 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103619.
Zerihun, Z., Beishuizen, J., & Van Os, W. (2011). Conceptions and practices in teaching and learning: Implications for the evaluation of teaching quality. Quality in Higher Education, 17(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2011.582793.
Zwart, D. P., Van Luit, J. E. H., Noroozi, O., & Goei, S. L. (2017). The effects of digital learning material on students' mathematics learning in vocational education. Cogent Education, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1313581.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tambunan, H., Silitonga, M. & Sidabutar, U.B. Online and face-to-face composition in forming the professional competencies of technical teacher candidates with various learning style types. Educ Inf Technol 26, 2017–2031 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10349-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10349-3