Abstract
The Almajiri children in Nigeria are deserving of special interventions to reduce the life-long divide in educational achievement, social status, and economic empowerment. One way of speedily achieving this is through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). This study examined the prospects and challenges of using ICT in the teaching and learning processes of Almajiri children’s education in Nigeria. A descriptive research methodology was adopted and data were collected from the Almajiri children, their teachers, and parents from communities with a high concentration of Almajiri schools. The results showed that while the official language of instruction in schools in Nigeria is English, the language often spoken by children and teachers was Hausa. Also, while teachers and parents were quite familiar with ICTs such as mobile phones, computers, and television, the Almajiri children were more familiar with television and mobile phones, and very few had used a computer. Some strategies proposed for successful adoption of ICT in Almajiri education include the use of indigenous languages in courseware development and the use of one-to-many ICT facilities, such as multimedia teaching aids, projectors, and smart televisions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Abass, B. T., & Ayo, O. (2013). The usage of information and communication technology in Nigeria primary schools: Problems and prospects. World Journal on Educational Technology, 5, 201–206. https://arastirmax.com/en/system/files/dergiler/159831/makaleler/5/1/arastrmx_159831_5_pp_201-206.pdf. Accessed 29 Oct 2020.
Addo, H. (2001). Utilizing information and communication technology for education and development: Issues and challenges for developing countries. IFLA Journal, 27(3), 143–151.
Adedigba, A. (2019). Eight million out-of-school children in 10 Nigerian states and Abuja – UNICEF. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/335352-eight-million-out-of-school-children-in-10-nigerian-states-and-abuja-unicef.html#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20Children's%20Fund,out%2Dof%2Dschool%20children.&text=Mr%20Kawkins%20also%20said%20over,crisis%20in%20the%20North%2Deast. Retrieved on June 24, 2019.
Aderinoye, R. A., Ojokheta, K. O., & Olojede, A. A. (2007). Integrating mobile learning into nomadic education programme in Nigeria: Issues and perspectives. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 8(2).
Adu, E. O., & Olatundun, S. A. (2013). The use and management of ICT in schools: Strategies for school leaders. European Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 1(2), 10–16.
Aghedo, I., & Eke, S. J. (2013). From alms to arms: The Almajiri phenomenon and internal security in Northern Nigeria. The Korean Journal of Policy Studies, 28(3), 97–123.
Agile, H. E. (2018). Expanding access to education opportunity in Nigeria: Matters arising. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 11(3), 345–356. http://www.ijsre.com. Accessed 20 June 2020.
Ajayi, J. A., & Oloruntimehin, B. O. (1976). West Africa in the anti-slave trade era. The Cambridge History of Africa, 6, 200–221.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviors. Prentice-Hall.
Albugami, S., & Ahmed, V. (2015). Success factors for ICT implementation in Saudi secondary schools: From the perspective of ICT directors, head teachers, teachers and students. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 11(1), 36–54.
Al-Faki, I. M., & Khamis, A. H. (2014). Difficulties facing teachers in using interactive whiteboards in their classes. American International Journal of Social Science, 3(2), 136–158.
Al-Huneini, H., Walker, S. A., & Badger, R. (2020). Introducing tablet computers to a rural primary school: An activity theory case study. Computers & Education, 143.
Ali, I., & Proctor, J. (2005). Information and communication technology (ICT) education in the city school, Pakistan: A success story in the large-scale introduction of the UK national curriculum’s ICT component in Pakistan. Aslib Proceedings, 57(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1108/00012530510589092.
Ammenwerth, E. (2019). Technology acceptance models in health informatics: TAM and UTAUT. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 263, 64–71.
Andersen, H. V., & Sorensen, E. K. (2017). Enhancing understanding, flow and self-efficacy in learners with developmental and attention difficulties through ICT-based interventions. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning, 20(1), 154–175.
Ayo, C. K., & Mbarika, V. (Eds.). (2017). Sustainable ICT adoption and integration for socio-economic development. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2565-3.
Bunker, B. (2010). A summary of international reports, research and case studies of digital literacy: Including implications for New Zealand of adopting a globally-recognised digital literacy standard. http://www.iitp.org.nz/files/201001%20Digital%20Literacy%20Research%20Report.pdf. Accessed 29 Oct 2020.
Carmona, M. G., & Marin, J. A. M. (2013). ICT trends in education. European Scientific Journal, 9(19).
Carr, C. T., & Hayes, R. A. (2015). Social media: Defining, developing, and divining. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 23(1), 46–65.
Cartelli, A. (Ed.). (2013). Fostering 21st century digital literacy and technical competency. IGI Global.
Ciccarelli, M., Chen, J. D., Vaz, S., Cordier, R., & Falkmer, T. (2015). Managing children’s postural risk when using mobile technology at home: Challenges and strategies. Applied Ergonomics, 51, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.04.003.
Clarke, P. B. (1978). Islam, education and the developmental process in Nigeria. Comparative Education, 14(2), 133–141.
Cox, M. J., & Marshall, G. (2007). Effects of ICT: Do we know what we should know? Education and Information Technologies, 12(2), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-007-9032-x.
David, S. (2019). Nigeria: 13m out-of-school children in Nigeria, a time bomb. Daily Trust.
Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13, 319–340.
Drigas, A., Kokkalia, G., & Lytras, M. D. (2015). ICT and collaborative co-learning in preschool children who face memory difficulties. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 645–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.019.
Elliott, R. (2019). Mobile phone penetration throughout sub-Saharan Africa. https://www.geopoll.com/blog/mobile-phone-penetration-africa/. Accessed on October 29, 2020.
Eze, S. C., Awa, H. O., Okoye, J. C., Emecheta, B. C., & Anazodo, R. O. (2013). Determinant factors of information communication technology (ICT) adoption by government-owned universities in Nigeria: A qualitative approach. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 26(4), 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-05-2013-0024.
Fafunwa, A. B. (1974). Education in the mother tongue: A Nigerian experiment. Journal of African studies, 1(3), 285.
Federal Ministry of Education (1986). Blueprint on Nomadic education (fair deal for the Nomads).https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=c6aFtgAACAAJ. Accessed on October 20, 2020.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004). National policy on education (4th edition). NERDC. https://www.goodbooksafrica.com/2011/08/national-policy-on-education-4th_31.html. Accessed on October 23, 2020.
Fernández-Gutiérrez, M., Gimenez, G., & Calero, J. (2020). Is the use of ICT in education leading to higher student outcomes? Analysis from the Spanish autonomous communities. Computers & Education, 157, 103969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103969.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fox, B., & Twining, P. (2006). Comparing perspectives on the role of ICT in education. Paper presented at the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education 2006 Conference (SITE), Orlando, Florida. (pp. 1551–1558). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Ghavifekr, S., & Rosdy, W. A. W. (2015). Teaching and learning with technology: Effectiveness of ICT integration in schools. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 1(2), 175–191.
Guemide, B., & Benachaiba, C. (2012). Exploiting ICT and E-Learning in Teacher’s Professional Development in Algeria: The Case of English Secondary School Teachers. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 13(3), 33–49.
Hong, K.-S., & Songan, P. (2011). ICT in the changing landscape of higher education in Southeast Asia. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(8), 1190–1207.
Ibrahim, A. M., & Sanda, H. U. (2019). ICT-media exposure and HIV/AIDS awareness among adolescent almajiri pupils in the North-East of Nigeria: A knowledge, attitude and practice conceptual review. 15–28.
Ibrahim, A. M., Sanda, H. U., & Al-Sadique, A. S. S. (2019). Online media exposure and HIV/AIDS awareness among adolescent Almajiri pupils in North-Eastern Nigeria: Knowledge, attitude, and practice. International Journal, 5(1), 67–79.
Ifinedo, E., Rikala, J., & Hämäläinen, T. (2020). Factors affecting Nigerian teacher educators’ technology integration: Considering characteristics, knowledge constructs, ICT practices and beliefs. Computers & Education, 146, 103760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103760.
Jain, S., Dubey, S., & Jain, S. (2016). Designing and validation of questionnaire. International Dental & Medical Journal of Advanced Research, 2(1), 1–3.
Kabir, F. S., & Kadage, A. T. (2017). ICTs and educational development: The utilization of mobile phones in distance education in Nigeria. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 63–76.
Kalaš, I., Bannayan, H. E., Conery, L., Laval, E., Laurillard, D., Lim, C. P., Musgrave, S., Semenov, A., & Turcsányi-Szabó, M. (2012). ICT in Primary Education: Analytical survey. Volume 1: Exploring the origins, settings and initiatives. Moscú: IITE, UNESCO.
Kardijan, D., & Yundayani, A. (2019). The challenges of pedagogy and the application of ICT in applying english for academic purposes course: Teachers’ insights. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 9(1), 197–213.
Kennedy, G. E., Judd, T. S., Churchward, A., Gray, K., & Krause, K.-L. (2008). First year students’ experiences with technology: Are they really digital natives? Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 24(1), 108–122.
Kerckaert, S., Vanderlinde, R., & van Braak, J. (2015). The role of ICT in early childhood education: Scale development and research on ICT use and influencing factors. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(2), 183–199.
Lau, P. W. C., Lau, E. Y., Wong, D. P., & Ransdell, L. (2011). A systematic review of information and communication technology-based interventions for promoting physical activity behavior change in children and adolescents. Journal of Medical Internet Research. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1533.
Leung, W. M. V. (2011). Diverse learning experiences with information and communication technologies in hong kong kindergartens: Perspectives from children. International Journal of Learning, 18(2), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v18i02/47474.
Ling, L.W., Downe, A.G., Ahmad, W.F.W., Lai, T.T. (2011). Determinants of computer usage among educators: A comparison between the UTAUT and TAM models, National postgraduate conference, Kuala Lumpur, 1-6 https://doi.org/10.1109/NatPC.2011.6136322.
Magashi, S. B. (2015). Education and the right to development of the child in Northern Nigeria: A proposal for reforming the Almajiri institution. Africa Today, 61(3), 65–83.
Marangunić, N., & Granić, A. (2015). Technology acceptance model: A literature review from 1986 to 2013. Universal Access in the Information Society, 14(1), 81–95.
Mdlongwa, T. (2012). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a means of enhancing education in schools in South Africa: Challenges benefits and recommendations. AISA Policy Brief, 80, 1–8.
Melor, M. Y., Maimun, A. L., & Chua, P. L. (2009). Language learning via ICT: Uses, challenges and issues. WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications, 6(9), 1453–1467.
Mikre, F. (2011). The roles of information communication technologies in education: Review Article with emphasis to the computer and internet. Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences, 6(2), 109–126.
Mingaine, L. (2013). Leadership challenges in the implementation of ICT in public secondary schools, Kenya. Journal of Education and Learning. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v2n1p32.
Moti, U. G. (2010). The challenges of access to university education in Nigeria. DSM Business Review, 2(2), 27–56.
Mun, Y. Y., Jackson, J. D., Park, J. S., & Probst, J. C. (2006). Understanding information technology acceptance by individual professionals: Toward an integrative view. Information & Management, 43(3), 350–363.
Mwendwa, N. K. (2017). Perception of teachers and principals on ICT integration in the primary school curriculum in Kitui county, Kenya. European Journal of Education Studies, 3(7), 408–1430.
National Policy on Education (2013). National policy on education, 6th edition. Lagos: Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC). https://educatetolead.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/national-education-policy-2013.pdf. Accessed on October 29, 2020.
Obanya, P. A. I. (2008). Reforming educational reforms. In A. R. Lawal, S. A. Jimoh, S. A. Olorundare, & N. Y. S. Ijaiya (Eds.), Education reforms in Nigeria: Past, present and future (pp. 24–46). Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers.
Odumosu, O., Odekunle, S. O., Bolarinwa, M. K., Taiwo, O., Ajala, A., Alonge, S. K., Aliyu, I. A., & Akujobi, C. (2013). Manifestations of the Almajirai in Nigeria: Causes and consequences. Nigerian institute of social and economic research.
Ogeno, J. O. (1993). A philosophical examination of epistemological and moral bases of African indigenous education with particular reference to the Luo of Kenya. [Unpublished Phd dissertation]. Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya.
Okugbeni, R. E. (2013). Basic education and the rights of the Almajiri child. The Rhetoric of Universalism in Nigeria (Master’s thesis, Institute of Social Studies (ISS), Hague, Netherlands).
Oladosu, A. G. A. (2012). Arabic and Islamic education in Nigeria: The case of Al-Majiri schools. International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, 6(11), 3265–3269.
Olaniran, S. O. (2013). Education for including the excluded: Case study of Almajiri education in Nigeria. Proceedings of the 2013 International Pre-Conference of the AAACE, 180–189.
Olatunji, J. F., Lofty, A. N., & D., & Jacob, O. . (2016). ICTs and child labour in Nigeria: Patterns, implications and prevention strategies. International Journal of Science and Research, 5(5), 2051–2058.
Park, C., Kim, D. G., Cho, S., & Han, H. J. (2019). Adoption of multimedia technology for learning and gender difference. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 288–296.
Plowman, L., & Stephen, C. (2003). A ‘benign addition’? Research on ICT and pre-school children. Journal of computer assited learning, 19(2), 149–164.
Rabah, J. (2015). Benefits and challenges of information and communication technologies (ICT) integration in Québec english schools. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 14(2), 24–31.
Renukadevi, S., Rajarajan, S., Vedanayagi, R., & Raja, J. (2018). Factors Influencing the effective use of ICT in education and learning – Indian perspective. JETIR., 5(8), 327–331.
Rogers, P. L. (1999). Barriers to adopting emerging technologies in education. ERIC Document Reproduction. No. ED429556. Technology, 36, 327–329.
Rubagiza, J., Were, E., & Sutherland, R. (2011). Introducing ICT into schools in Rwanda: Educational challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Educational Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.06.004.
Salehi, H., & Salehi, Z. (2012). Challenges for using ICT in education: teachers’ insights. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 2(1), 40–43.
Sangra, A., & Gonzalez-Sanmamed. (2016). The role of information and communication technologies in improving teaching and learning processes in primary and secondary schools. Research in Learning and Technology, 18(3), 207–220.
Saruji, M. A. M., Hassan, N. H., & Drus, S. M. (2017). Impact of ICT and electronic gadget among young children in education: A conceptual model. 6th International Conference on Computing and Informatics, ICOCI 2017. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.578265.
Scurry, D., Ensminger, D., & Haab, M. (2005). A model for integrating instructional technology into higher education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 36, 327–329.
Selwyn, N., & Bullon, K. (2000). Primary school children’s use of ICT. British Journal of Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8535.00165.
Sharma, A., Gandhar, K., Sharma, S., & Seema, S. (2011). Role of ICT in the process of teaching and learning. Journal of Education and Practices, 2(5), 30–31. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279640233_Role_of_ICT_in_the_Process_of_Teaching_and_Learning. Accessed 11 Jan 2020.
Shuaibu, H. A., & Jimoh, A. O. (2011). Assessment of socioeconomic, demographic and health problems of al-majiri in Sokoto State, North-Western Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Medicine, 6(3), 58–60.
Streatfield, D., & Markless, S. (2008). Evaluating the impact of information literacy in higher education: Progress and prospects. Libri, 58(2), 102–109.
Suana, W. (2018). Students’ internet access, internet self-efficacy, and internet for learning physics: Gender and grade differences. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 8(4), 281–290.
Suleiman, S. R. (1990). Subversive intent: Gender, politics, and the avant-garde. Harvard University Press.
Taiwo, F. J. (2013). Transforming the Almajiri education for the benefit of the Nigerian society, 3(9), 67.
Taylor, A. D. & Ogbogu,C. O. (2016).The effects of school feeding programme on enrolment and performance of public elementary school pupils in Osun State, Nigeria. World Journal of Education, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v6n3p39.
Tella, A., Tella, A., Toyobo, O. M., Adika, L. O., & Adeyinka, A. A. (2007). An assessment of secondary school teachers uses of ICTs: Implications for further development of ICT’s use in Nigerian secondary schools. Online Submission, 6(3), 222–229.
Ulloa-Salazar, G., & Díaz Larenas, C. (2018). Using an audiovisual materials-based teaching strategy to improve EFL young learners’ understanding of instructions. HOW Journal, 25(2), 91–112. https://doi.org/10.19183/how.25.2.419.
United Nations (2015). Envision2030: 17 goals to transform the world for persons with disabilities. https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030.html. Accessed 11 Jan 2020.
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF Nigeria, 2014). One in every five of the world’s out-of-school children is in Nigeria. https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/education#:~:text=One%20in%20every%20five%20of,years%20are%20not%20in%20school. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
Universal Basic Education Commission (2013). Improving access and inclusive education in Nigeria: Update on the Almajiri education programme. Presentation by Chief (Barr) Ezenwo Nyesom Wike, Honourable Minister of State for Education, to the National Economic Council, presented on 18 July 2013. Abuja: UBEC. Retrieved November 1, 2020, from http://ubeconline.com/Pre/Improving%20Access%20and%20Inclusive%20Education%20in%20Nigeria%20%20Update%20on%20the%20Almajiri%20Education%20Programme%20by%20Hon%20Minister%20of%20State%20for%20E.pdf.
Valk, J. H., Rashid, A. T., & Elder, L. (2010). Using mobile phones to improve educational outcomes. Institute of Research in Open and Distance Learning., 12(2), 45.
van Brakel, P. A., & Chisenga, J. (2003). Impact of ICT-based distance learning: The African story. The Electronic Library, 21(5), 476–486.
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46, 186–204.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 27(3), 425–478.
Westera, W. (2004). On strategies of educational innovation: Between substitution and transformation. Higher Education, 47(4), 501–517.
Wong, L.-H., & Looi, C.-K. (2011). What seams do we remove in mobile-assisted seamless learning? A critical review of the literature. Computers & Education, 57(4), 2364–2381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.007.
Ya’u, Y. Z. (2001). Resource control and social justice in Nigeria. federalism. Resource control and social justice in Nigeria. 44–52.
Yusha’u, M. A., Tsafe, A. K., Babangida, S. I., & Lawal, N. I. (2013). Problems and prospects of integrated almajiri education in northern Nigeria. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2(3), 125–134.
Zamani, B. E. (2014). Differences between boys’ and girls’ self-efficacy, motivation and attitudes towards applying mobile devices for learning ESL. Differences, 5(37).
Zaranis, N., Kalogiannakis, M., & Papadakis, S. (2013). Using mobile devices for teaching realistic mathematics in kindergarten education. Creative Education, 4(07), 1.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TetFund), Ministry of Education, Federal Government of Nigeria 2016-2017 Institutional Based Research Grant.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
All authors listed have significantly contributed to the development and the writing of this article.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fahm, A.O., Azeez, A.L., Imam-Fulani, Y.O. et al. ICT enabled Almajiri education in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. Educ Inf Technol 27, 3135–3169 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10490-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10490-7