Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Investigating the Experiences of Online Instructors while engaging and empowering non-traditional learners in eCampus

  • Published:
Education and Information Technologies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of the qualitative study was to investigate instructors’ experiences of engaging non-traditional learners in eCampus. Online education was rapidly growing in many higher education institutions, especially during the pandemic. However, a high attrition rate could negatively impact student success. Research findings showed that engagement was a significant factor to increase students’ online retention. Due to the flexibility and accessibility of online education, there was a high demand among non-traditional learners. However, limited research has been conducted to explore instructors’ experiences while engaging non-traditional learners in eCampus. In the general qualitative study, twelve online instructors were recruited, and interviews and document analysis were used to collect data. The findings showed that instructors faced both challenges and opportunities while increasing engagement among non-traditional learners in online programs. These indicated the need for the diversity of course design, relationship and community building, the flexibility of engagement criteria, and the unpredictability of emotional engagement. Institutional support and resources were recommended to improve the future teaching practices and the success of online learners with underrepresented backgrounds.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Afifi, M. K., & Alamri, S. S. (2014). Effective principles in designing e-course in light of learning theories. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 128–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, P., Withey, P., Lawton, D., & Aquino, C. T. (2016). Andragogical teaching methods to enhance non-traditional student classroom engagement. i-manager’s Journal of Educational Technology, 13(2), 47–59

  • Bambara, C. S., Harbour, C. P., Davies, T. G., & Athey, S. (2009). Delicate engagement: The lived experience of community college students enrolled in high-risk online courses. Community College Review, 36(3), 219–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bawa, P. (2016). Retention in online courses: Exploring issues and solutions—A literature review. SAGE Open,1–11. https://journals-sagepub-com.proxy.library.ohio.edu/doi/full/10.1177/2158244015621777

  • Bigatel, P., & Edel-Malizia, S. (2018). Predictors of instructor practices and course activities that engage online students.Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 21(1). https://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring211/bigatel_malizia211.html

  • Buelow, J. R., Barry, T., & Rich, L. E. (2018). Supporting learning engagement with online students. Online Learning, 22(4), 313–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buzzetto-Hollywood, N., Wang, H., Elobeid, M., & Elobaid, M. (2018). Addressing information literacy and the digital divide in higher education. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Skills and Lifelong Learning, 14, 77–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carreiro, J., & Kapitulik, B. P. (2010). Budgets, board games, and make believe: The challenge of teaching social class inequality with non-traditional students. The American Sociologist, 41(3), 232–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Blythe, J., & Neville, A. J. (2014). The use of triangulation in qualitative research. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41(5), 545–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, S. S., & Spackman, J. S. (2017). Dropout rates, student momentum, and course walls: A new tool for distance education designers. Journal of Educators Online, 14(2), 20–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, K., Groff, S., Mathena, C., & Kupczynski, L. (2019). Asynchronous video and the development of instructor social presence and student engagement. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20(1), 53–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coulter, X., & Mandell, A. (2012). Adult higher education: Are we moving in the wrong direction? The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 60(1), 40–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc

  • Creswell, J. W. (2017). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc

  • Culver, S. (2010). Course grades, quality of student engagement, and students’ evaluation of instructor. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 22(3), 331–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Devlin, M., & McKay, J. (2018). Teaching inclusively online in a massified university system. Widening Participation and Lifelong Learning, 20(1), 146–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diep, A. N., Zhu, C., Cocquyt, C., Greef, M. D., Vo, M. H., & Vanwing, T. (2019). Adult learners’ needs in online and blended learning. Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 59(2), 223–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, J., Kain, K., Reilly, J., & Bansal, G. (2017). How do you build community and foster engagement in online courses? New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 151, 45–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dziuban, C., Howlin, C., Moskal, P., Johnson, C., Parker, L., & Campbell, M. (2018). Adaptive learning: A stabilizing influence across disciplines and universities. Online Learning, 22(3), 7–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, T. (2010). Universal instructional design principles for Moodle. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 11(2), 110–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, H. R., Abrams, S. S., Curwood, J. S., & Magnifico, A. (2016). Conducting qualitative research of learning in online spaces. SAGE Publications, Inc

  • Germain-Rutherford, A., & Barbara, K. (2008). An inclusive approach to online learning environments: Models and resources. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 9(2), 64–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Glazatov, T. R. (2012). Inclusiveness in online programs: Disability issues and implications for higher education administrators. Journal of Applied Learning Technology, 2(1), 14–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Glesne, C. (2016). Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Longman

  • Halupa, C. (2019). Differentiation of roles: Instructional designers and faculty in the creation of online courses. International Journal of Higher Education, 8(1), 55–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hew, K. F. (2016). Promoting engagement in online courses: What strategies can we learn from three highly rated MOOCS. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(2), 320–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, P. (2010). Globally-perceived experiences of online instructors: A preliminary exploration. Computers & Education, 54, 27–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imlawi, J., Gregg, D., & Karimi, J. (2015). Student engagement in course-based social networks: The impact of instructor credibility and use of communication. Computers & Education, 88, 84–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janakiraman, S., Watson, S. L., & Watson, W. R. (2018). Adult learners use of self-directed learning strategies in a massive open online course. Journal of Ethnographic & Qualitative Research, 13, 122–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, M., & Koo, K. (2020). Emotional presence in building an online learning community among non-traditional graduate students. Online Learning, 24(2), 93–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Kebritchi, M., Lipschuetz, A., & Santiague, L. (2017). Issues and challenges for teaching successful online courses in higher education: A literature review. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 46(1), 4–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuama, S., & Intharaksa, U. (2016). Is online learning suitable for all English language students? PASAA, 52, 53–82

  • King-Sears, M. (2009). Universal Design for Learning: Technology and pedagogy. Learning Disability Quarterly, 32(4), 199–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Q., & Baker, R. (2018). The different relationships between engagement and outcomes across participant subgroups in Massive Open Online Courses. Computers & Education, 127, 41–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann, M. J., Boothe, K. A., Hathcote, A. R., & Turpin, A. (2018). Engaging graduate students in the online learning environment: A Universal Design for Learning (UDL) approach to teacher preparation.Networks: An Online Journal for Teacher Research, 20(2). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1187583.pdf

  • Lohr, K. D., & Haley, K. J. (2018). Using biographical prompts to build community in an online graduate course. Adult Learning, 29(1), 11–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, C. A., & Sheridan, D. (2015). Benefits of engagement with peers, faculty, and diversity for online learners. College Teaching, 63(1), 8–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luyt, I. (2013). Bridging spaces: Cross-cultural perspectives on promoting positive online learning experiences. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 42(1), 3–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2016). Designing qualitative research. SAGE Publications, Inc

  • Martin, F., & Bolliger, D. U. (2018). Engagement matters: Student perceptions on the importance of engagement strategies in the online learning environment. Online Learning, 22(1), 205–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, F., Wang, C., & Sadaf, A. (2018). Student perception of helpfulness of facilitation strategies that enhance instructor presence, connectedness, engagement and learning in online courses. The Internet and Higher Education, 37, 52–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, C. A., & Bagnall, R. G. (2015). A case study of an adult learner with ASD and ADHD in an undergraduate online learning environment. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 31(2), 208–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. (2014). An investigation of the attrition of African-American students in an online undergraduate program (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database

  • Moore, J. L., Dickson-Deane, C., & Galyen, K. (2011). E-learning, online learning, and distance learning environments: Are they the same? The Internet and Higher Education, 14(2), 129–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, G. R., Ross, S. M., Kemp, J. E., & Kalman, H. (2010). Designing effective instruction. John Wiley & Sons

  • O’Shea, S., Stone, C., & Delahunty, J. (2015). “I ‘feel’ like I am at university even though I am online.” Exploring how students narrate their engagement with higher education institutions in an online learning environment. Distance Education, 36(1), 41–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oomen-Early, J., & Murphy, L. (2009). Self-Actualization and e-learning: A qualitative investigation of university faculty’s perceived barriers to effective online instruction. International Journal on E-learning, 8(2), 223–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. SAGE Publications, Inc

  • Piedra, N., Chicaiza, J. A., López, J., & Tovar, E. (2014). An architecture based on linked data technologies for the integration and reuse of OER in MOOCs context. Open Praxis, 6(2), 171–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponomareva, S., & Ugnich, E. (2018). E-learning opportunities and limitations in inclusive higher education. https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2018/11/shsconf_cildiah2018_01138.pdf

  • Redmond, P., Heffernan, A., Abawi, L., Brown, A., & Henderson, R. (2018). An online engagement framework for higher education. Online Learning, 22(1), 183–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichert, N. (2013). Signifying difference: The nontraditional student and the honors program. Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council, 14(1), 23–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren, X. (2020). The Investigation of Instructors’ Role in Increasing and Sustaining Student Engagement in eCampus [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1588855087484303

  • Rogers-Shaw, C., Carr-Chellman, D. J., & Choi, J. (2017). Universal design for learning: Guidelines for accessible online instruction. Adult Learning, 29(1), 20–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russo-Gleicher, R. J. (2014). Improving student retention in online college classes: Qualitative insights from faculty. Journal of College Student Retention: Research Theory & Practice, 16(2), 239–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. SAGE Publications, Inc

  • Sansone, C., Fraughton, T., Zachary, J. L., Butner, J., & Heiner, C. (2011). Self-regulation of motivation when learning online: The importance of who, why and how. Education Tech Research Development, 59, 199–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seaman, J. E., Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2018). Grade increase: Tracking distance education in the United States. http://onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/gradeincrease.pdf

  • Smith, B. G. (2010). E-learning technologies: A comparative study of adult learners enrolled on blended and online campuses engaging in a virtual classroom (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database

  • Sogunro, O. A. (2015). Motivating factors for adult learners in higher education. International Journal of Higher Education, 4(1), 22–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Stake, R. E. (2010). Qualitative research: Studying how things work. Guilford Press

  • Tight, M. (2019). Student retention and engagement in higher education, Journal of Further and Higher Education. https://doi.org.proxy.library.ohio.edu/10.1080 /0309877X.2019.1576860

  • Tyler-Smith, K. (2006). Early attrition among first time elearners: A review of factors that contribute to drop-out, withdrawal and non-completion rates of adult learners undertaking elearning programmes. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 2. https://jolt.merlot.org/Vol2_No2_TylerSmith.htm

  • Warf, B. (2012). Contemporary digital divides in the United States. Journal of Economic & Social Geography, 104(1), 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Willging, P. A., & Johnson, S. D. (2009). Factors that influence students’ decision to drop out of online courses. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 13(3), 115–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. M., Stafford, R. E., Corliss, S. B., & Reilly, E. D. (2018). Examining student characteristics, goals, and engagement in Massive Open Online Courses. Computers & Education, 126, 433–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wingo, N. P., Ivankova, N. V., & Moss, J. A. (2017). Faculty perceptions about teaching online: Exploring the literature using the technology acceptance model as an organizing framework. Online Learning, 21(1), 15–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xinyue Ren.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interest pertaining to this research, and no funding was received for conducting this study.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

The study has been approved by the Office of Research Compliance at the author’s institution with the level of exempt. All procedures performed in the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution research committee at the author’s institution. Informed consents were obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ren, X. Investigating the Experiences of Online Instructors while engaging and empowering non-traditional learners in eCampus. Educ Inf Technol 28, 237–253 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11153-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11153-x

Keywords