Skip to main content
Log in

The impact of translation apps on translation students’ performance

  • Published:
Education and Information Technologies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Utilizing translation technologies, such as computer-aided translation tools, online dictionaries, and parallel corpora, has become integral to the professional practice of translation. However, further research is necessary to investigate the effect of these technologies on translation quality and translator performance. The aim of the current study was to assess the impact of mobile translation apps on the performance of trainee translators. To achieve this aim, 59 undergraduate translation students were required to translate a text from English into Arabic. The sample was divided into three groups based on the translation app they used. The first group did not use any translation apps, the second group used the Google Translate app, and the third group used the Reverso Context app. The participants’ translations were evaluated and scored using a rubric that is based on the standardized error-marking rubric developed by the American Translators Association’s Certification Program. Students’ scores and translation errors were statistically analyzed to detect differences in the performance of the three groups. Results indicated a statistically significant difference in scores among the three groups in favor of Reverso app users. Students who used the Reverso app had fewer Lexical, Cohesion, Omission, and Text-type errors than those who did not use a translation app. The results highlight the importance of integrating translation apps in translation training classrooms to enhance students’ translation competence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

References

  • Ahmed, Y. J. (2021). The effectiveness of culture on EFL learners during COVID-19. European Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 9(1), 32–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alhassan, A., Sabtan, Y. M., & Omar, L. (2021). Using parallel corpora in the translation classroom: moving towards a corpus-driven pedagogy for Omani translation major students. Arab World English Journal, 12(1), 40–58. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no1.4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Jarf, R. (2020). Distance learning and undergraduate Saudi students’ agency during the Covid-19 pandemic. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brașov, Series IV: Philology. Cultural Studies, 13(62.2), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.2.4

  • Alotaibi, H. M. (2017). Arabic-english parallel corpus: a new resource for translation training and language teaching. Arab World English Journal, 8(3), 319–337. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol8no3.21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alotaibi, H. M. (2020). Computer-assisted translation tools: an evaluation of their usability among arab translators. Applied Sciences, 10(18), 6295. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Translators Association (2022). Framework for standardized error marking. Retrieved from https://www.atanet.org/certification/how-the-exam-is-graded/error-marking/

  • Amin, E. A. (2020). A review of research into Google apps in the process of English language learning and teaching. Arab World English Journal, 11(1), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol11no1.27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahri, H., & Mahadi, T. S. T. (2016). The application of mobile devices in the translation classroom. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 7(6), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.6p.237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bin Dahmash, N. (2020). ’I can’t live without Google Translate’: a close look at the use of Google Translate app by second language learners in Saudi Arabia. Arab World English Journal, 11(3), 226–240. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol11no3.14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, L. (2002). Computer-aided translation technology: a practical introduction (didactics of translation). University of Ottawa Press.

  • Chan, S. (Ed.). (2014). Routledge encyclopedia of translation technology. Routledge.

  • Chen, X., Acosta, S., & Barry, A. E. (2017). Machine or human? Evaluating the quality of a language translation mobile app for diabetes education material. JMIR Diabetes, 2(1), e13. https://doi.org/10.2196/diabetes.7446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, A. (2018). Translation and artificial intelligence: where are we heading? International Journal of Translation, 30(1), 72–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies. Oxford University Press.

  • El-Dakhs, D. A. S., Salem, M., Emara, H., & Alotaibi, H. (2020). Do translation trainees translate stance markers adequately? The case of arabic-english undergraduates. The Asian ESP Journal, 16(2.1), 130–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitria, T. N. (2021). Analysis on clarity and correctness of Google Translate in translating an indonesian article into English. International Journal of Humanity Studies, 4(2), 256–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göpferich, S. (2009). Towards a model of translation competence and its acquisition: the longitudinal study TransComp. In S. Göpferich, A. L. Jakobsen, & I. M. Mees (Eds.), Behind the mind: methods, models & results in translation process research (pp. 11–38). CSL – Copenhagen Studies in Language.

  • Gouadec, D. (2007). Translation as a profession. John Benjamins Publishing Co. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.73

  • Granger, S., & Lefer, M. (2020). The multilingual student translation corpus: a resource for translation teaching and research. Language Resources and Evaluation, 54, 1183–1199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-020-09485-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Javadi, Y., & Khezrab, T. (2020). Application of mobile phone technologies in the law text translation instruction. International Journal of Linguistics Literature and Translation, 3(2), 252–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez-Crespo, M. (2016). Mobile apps and translation crowdsourcing: the next frontier in the evolution of translation. Revista Tradumàtica: Tecnologies de La Traducció, 14, 75–84. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/tradumatica.167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, D. (2011). Electronic tools and resources for translators. In K. Malmkjær, & K. Windle (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199239306.013.0031

  • Lake, V. E., & Beisly, A. H. (2019). Translation apps: increasing communication with dual language learners. Early Childhood Education Journal, 47, 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00935-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebling, D. J., Lahav, M., Evans, A., Donsbach, A., Holbrook, J., Smus, B., & Boran, L. (2020). Unmet needs and opportunities for mobile translation AI. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376261

  • Liu, N. X., & Watts, M. (2019). Mobile translation experience: current state and future directions. In X. Xioge (Ed.), Impacts of Mobile use and experience on Contemporary Society (pp. 193–212). IGI Global.

  • Mahdi, H. S., Alotaibi, H., & AlFadda, H. (2022). Effect of using mobile translation applications for translating collocations. Saudi Journal of Language Studies, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/SJLS-06-2022-0057

  • Mahmoud, A. (2017). Should dictionaries be used in translation tests and examinations? English Language Teaching, 10(3), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n3p171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mellinger, C. D., & Hanson, T. A. (2017). Quantitative research methods in translation and interpreting studies. Routledge.

  • Munday, J. (2016). Introducing translation studies: Theories and applications (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315691862

  • Neshkovska, S. (2017). The role of electronic corpora in translation training. Studies in Linguistics Culture and FLT, 7, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.46687/SILC.2019.v07.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nitzke, J., Tardel, A., & Hansen-Schirra, S. (2019). Training the modern translator – the acquisition of digital competencies through blended learning. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 13(3), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2019.1656410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouertani, H. C., & Tatwany, L. (2019). Augmented reality based mobile application for real-time arabic language translation. Communications in Science and Technology, 4(1), 30–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PACTE Group (2017). PACTE translation competence model: A holistic, dynamic model of translation competence. In A. Albir (Ed.), Researching Translation Competence by PACTE Group (pp. 35–42). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.127.02pac

  • Panayiotou, A., Gardner, A., Williams, S., Zucchi, E., Mascitti-Meuter, M., Goh, A. M., You, E., Chong, T. W., LoGiudice, D., Lin, X., Haralambous, B., & Batchelor, F. (2019). Language translation apps in health care settings: Expert opinion. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 7(4), e11316. https://doi.org/10.2196/11316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panayiotou, A., Hwang, K., Williams, S., Chong, T. W. H., LoGiudice, D., Haralambous, B., Lin, X., Zucchi, E., Mascitti-Meuter, M., Goh, A. M. Y., You, E., & Batchelor, F. (2020). The perceptions of translation apps for everyday health care in healthcare workers and older people: a multi‐method study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(17–18), 3516–3526. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabbah, N., & Alsalem, R. (2018). Female translation students’ knowledge and use of online dictionaries and terminology data banks: a case study. AWEJ for Translation and Literary Studies, 2(2), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol2no2.6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saldanha, G., & O’Brien, S. (2013). Research methodologies in translation studies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315760100

  • Saudagar, A. J., & Mohammad, H. (2018). Augmented reality mobile application for arabic text extraction, recognition and translation. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 21(4), 617–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2018.1466968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sazdovska-Pigulovska, M. (2018). Level of familiarisation and practical use of translation tools by translation students. TranslatoLogica: A Journal of Translation, Language, and Literature, 2, 2–25. https://repository.ukim.mk:443/handle/20.500.12188/7578

  • Schäffner, C. (2012). Translation competence: Training for the real world. In S. Hubscher-Davidson & M. Borodo (Eds.), Global Trends in Translator and Interpreter Training: Mediation and Culture (pp. 30–44). Bloomsbury.

  • Schwartz, K. (2013, October 21). How mobile technology is driving language translation. FedTech. https://fedtechmagazine.com/article/2013/10/how-mobile-technology-driving-language-translation

  • Senior, J. (2019). Mobile translation apps and second language teaching; What do student’s think? International Conference on Digitization (ICD) (pp. 135–141). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICD47981.2019.9105728

  • Shamsan, M. A., Ali, J. K., & Hezam, T. A. (2021). Online learning amid COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of vocabulary learning strategies. Arab World English Journal, 281–294. [Special Issue on COVID 19 Challenges]. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/covid.21

  • Tsai, S. (2019). Using Google Translate in EFL drafts: a preliminary investigation. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(5–6), 510–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2018.1527361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tumbal, S., Liando, N. V., & Olii, S. T. (2021). Students’ perceptions towards the use of Google Translate in translating. Kompetensi: Jurnal Bahasa dan Seni, 1(2), 313–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, A. M., Dew, K. N., Desai, L., Martin, N., & Kirchhoff, K. (2015). Machine translation of public health materials from English to Chinese: a feasibility study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 1(2), e17. https://doi.org/10.2196/publichealth.4779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaezian, H. (2019). On language corpora in the translation classroom. International Journal of Language Literacy and Translation, 2(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.36777/ijollt2019.2.2.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Meer, J. (2019). Translation technology – past, present and future. In E. Angelone, M. Ehrensberger-Dow, & G. Massey (Eds.), The Bloomsbury Companion to Language Industry Studies (pp. 285–310). Bloomsbury.

  • Wang, D., & Xiang, Z. (2012). The new landscape of travel: A comprehensive analysis of smartphone apps. In M. Fuchs, F. Ricci, & L. Cantoni (Eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2012 (pp. 308–319). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1142-0_27

  • Wei, L. K. (2021). The use of Google Translate in English language learning: how students view it. International Journal of Advanced Research in Education and Society, 3(1), 47–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wołk, K. (2020). Incorporating domain-specific neural machine translation into augmented reality systems. In D. Vogel, K. Shen, P. Ling, C. Hsu, J. Thong, M. De Marco, M. Limaymen, & S. Xu (Eds.), 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, PACIS 2020, Dubai, UAE (p. 14).

  • Yanti, M., & Meka, L. M. C. (2019). The students’ perception in using Google Translate as a media in translation class. Proceedings of (INACELT International Conference on English Language Teaching), 3(1), 128–146.

  • Zemni, B., Awwad, W., & Bounaas, C. (2020). Audiovisual translation and contextual dictionaries: an exploratory comparative study of Reverso Context and Almaany uses. Asian EFL Journal Research Articles, 27(5.1), 274–309.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the faculty member who contributed to the evaluation and scoring of the translation tasks.

Funding

This study was funded by the Literature, Publishing and Translation Commission, Ministry of Culture, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia under [12/2022] as part of the Arabic Observatory of Translation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

HA contributed to the introduction, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. In addition, she was responsible for data collection. DS also contributed to the discussion and conclusion sections, and she was responsible for the methodology and data analysis sections. Both authors proofread and edited the article and verified documentation and formatting.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dania Salamah.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Error-Marking Rubric

Meaning Transfer Errors (10 pts.)

Category

Number of Errors

Deduction

A (0.25-1/error)

  

AMB (0.25-1/error)

  

COH (0.25/error)

  

F (0.25-1/error)

  

L (0.25-1/error)

  

MU (0.25-1/error)

  

O (0.25-1/error)

  

T (0.25/error)

  

IND (0.25/error)

  

TT (0.25-1/error)

  

VT (0.25/error)

  

OTH-MT (0.25-1/error)

  

Total

/10

Mechanical Errors (10 pts.)

Category

 

Number of Errors

Deduction

G (0.25/error)

SYN

  

WF/PS

  

P (0.125/error)

   

SP (0.125/error)

   

D (0.25/error)

   

C (0.25/error)

   

U (0.25/error)

   

OTH-ME (0.25/error)

   

Total

/10

Final total

/20

Appendix 2

Explanation of Codes in the Rubric

Code

Meaning

A

Addition

AMB

Ambiguity

COH

Cohesion

F

Faithfulness (the translation is too far from the meaning of the ST)

L

Literalness

MU

Misunderstanding of the ST

O

Omission

T

Terminology or word choice errors

IND

Indecisiveness (when more than one option is given)

TT

Text type (errors of register and style)

VT

Verb tense (when the grammar is correct, but the meaning is wrong)

OTH-MT

Other meaning transfer errors

G

Grammatical errors (these include SYN and WF/PS errors)

SYN

Syntactic errors

WF/PS

Word form or part of speech errors

P

Punctuation errors

SP

Spelling errors

D

Diacritical marks

C

Capitalization errors

U

Usage errors

OTH-ME

Other mechanical errors

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Alotaibi, H., Salamah, D. The impact of translation apps on translation students’ performance. Educ Inf Technol 28, 10709–10729 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11578-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11578-y

Keywords

Navigation