Abstract
Using Virtual Reality (VR) in educational contexts is becoming increasingly common. The ability of VR to provide authentic learning experiences is making it a particularly promising platform for language learning, but the research on its acceptance among language teachers is scarce. This paper reports the results obtained from a large-scale (N = 2,176) survey on language teachers’ beliefs toward the use of VR for education. The survey explored the relationships between language teachers’ beliefs about using VR in a classroom and their teaching experiences, such as previous use of VR for teaching, their stages of VR technology integration, and their preferred teaching approaches. Furthermore, the survey yielded answers on the relationship between the availability of information technology (IT) personnel in language teachers’ schools. We found that practical knowledge and past experiences of incorporating VR in teaching were crucial determinants of teachers’ positive beliefs, showing that teachers were motivated to adopt VR technology in their classrooms if they had previously used it. Language teachers’ favorable beliefs were also positively correlated with the availability of IT personnel in their schools.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmadishokouh, A. A., & Samadi, F. (2021). The differences between English and russian language teachers’ attitudes towards CALL. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 8(10), 147–155.
Albirini, A. (2006). Teachers’ attitudes toward information and communication technologies: the case of syrian EFL teachers. Computers & Education, 47(4), 373–398.
Alfalah, S. F. (2018). Perceptions toward adopting virtual reality as a teaching aid in information technology. Education and Information Technologies, 23(6), 2633–2653.
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Backfisch, I., Lachner, A., Hische, C., Loose, F., & Scheiter, K. (2020). Professional knowledge or motivation? Investigating the role of teachers’ expertise on the quality of technology-enhanced lesson plans. Learning and Instruction, 66, 101300.
Bower, M., DeWitt, D., & Lai, J. W. (2020). Reasons associated with preservice teachers’ intention to use immersive virtual reality in education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(6), 2215–2233.
Brun, M., & Hinostroza, J. E. (2014). Learning to become a teacher in the 21st century: ICT integration in initial teacher education in Chile. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17(3), 222–238.
Cho, H. H., & Ko, Y. J. (2008). An exploration of science teachers’ ideal image/role/competency. Journal of the Korean Association for Science Education, 28(4), 269–281.
Christensen, R., & Knezek, G. (2008). Self-report measures and findings for information technology attitudes and competencies. International handbook of information technology in primary and secondary education (pp. 349–365). Springer.
Cooper, G., Park, H., Nasr, Z., Thong, L. P., & Johnson, R. (2019). Using virtual reality in the classroom: preservice teachers’ perceptions of its use as a teaching and learning tool. Educational Media International, 56(1), 1–13.
Dhimolea, T. K., & Kaplan-Rakowski, R. (2023). Using virtual reality to cope with social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4075360
Dhimolea, T. K., Kaplan-Rakowski, R., & Lin, L. (2022). A systematic review of research on high-immersion virtual reality for language learning. TechTrends. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00717-w.
Eccles, J., Adler, T. F., Futterman, R., Goff, S. B., Kaczala, C. M., Meece, J., & Midgley, C. (1983). Expectancies, values and academic behaviors. In J. T. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motives. W. H. Freeman.
Elagina, D. (2021). Distribution of teachers in Russia in 2019, by gender and educational stage. Statistica. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1237842/share-of-teachers-by-gender-and-education-level-russia/
Elagina, D. (2021). Number of school teachers in schools in Russia in school year 2019/2020, by specialization. Statistica. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1130807/number-of-teachers-by-subject-in-russia/
Education First (2021). EF English Proficiency Index. https://www.ef.com/epi
Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87(3), 215.
Ertmer, P. A. (2005). Teacher pedagogical beliefs: The final frontier in our quest for technology integration? Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(4), 25–39.
Ertmer, P. A. (1999). Addressing first- and second-order barriers to change: strategies for technology integration. Educational Technology Research and Development, 47(4), 47–61.
Ertmer, P. A., & Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T. (2013). Removing obstacles to the pedagogical changes required by Jonassen’s vision of authentic technology-enabled learning. Computers & Education, 64, 175–182.
Ertmer, P. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A., Sadik, O., & Sendurur, E. (2012). Teacher beliefs and technology integration practices: A critical relationship. Computers & Education 59 (2012), 423–435.
Eutsler, L., & Long, C. S. (2021). Preservice Teachers’ Acceptance of virtual reality to Plan Science instruction. Educational Technology & Society, 24(2), 28–43.
Ferdig, R. E., & Kosko, K. W. (2020). Implementing 360 video to increase immersion, perceptual capacity, and teacher noticing. TechTrends, 64, 849–859.
Garcia, S., Laesker, D., Caprio, D., Kauer, R., Nguyen, J., & Andujar, M. (2019, July). An immersive virtual reality experience for learning Spanish. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 151–161). Springer, Cham.
Gomez, F. C., Trespalacios, J., Hsu, Y. C., & Yang, D. (2022). Exploring teachers’ technology integration self-efficacy through the 2017 ISTE Standards. TechTrends, 1–13.
Goodman, J. (1988). Constructing a practical philosophy of teaching: A study of preservice teachers’ professional perspectives. Teaching and Teacher Education, 4(2), 121–137.
Gruber, A., & Kaplan-Rakowski, R. (2023). The impact of high-immersion virtual reality on foreign language anxiety. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3882215
Gruber, A., & Kaplan-Rakowski, R. (2020). User experience of virtual reality public speaking practice. In R. Zheng (Ed.), Cognitive and affective perspectives on immersive technology in education (pp. 235–249). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3250-8
Hayes, A., Kaplan-Rakowski, R., Bland, D., Archibald, A., Lucke, H., Heap, T., & Taylor, D. (2022). Implementing low-cost 360° video technology to promote core skills in journalism courses. The Journal of Applied Instructional Design, 11(4), https://doi.org/10.51869/114/aaahdbrk.
Hulleman, C. S., Barron, K. E., Kosovich, J. J., & Lazowski, R. A. (2016). Student motivation: current theories, constructs, and interventions within an expectancy-value framework. Psychosocial skills and school systems in the 21st century (pp. 241–278). Cham: Springer.
Ismail, S. A. A., Almekhlafi, A. G., & Al-Mekhlafy, M. H. (2010). Teachers’ perceptions of the use of technology in teaching languages in United Arab Emirates’ schools. International Journal for Research in Education, 27(1), 37–56.
Johnston, E. A., Olivas, G. W., Steele, P., Smith, C., & Bailey, L. W. (2019). Virtual reality pedagogical considerations in learning environments. Student-centered virtual learning environments in higher education (pp. 21–39). IGI Global.
Kaplan-Rakowski, R., Papin, K., & Hartwick, P. (2023). Language teachers’ perceptions and use of extended reality. CALICO Journal, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4096263
Kaplan-Rakowski, R., & Gruber, A. (2021). One-on-one foreign language speaking practice in high-immersion virtual reality. In Y.J. Lan, & S. Grant (Eds.), Contextual Language Learning - Real Language Learning on the Continuum from Virtuality to Reality (pp. 187–202). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3416-1
Kaplan-Rakowski, R., & Gruber, A. (2019). Low-immersion versus high-immersion virtual reality: Definitions, classification, and examples with a foreign language focus. In Innovation in Language Learning Conference Proceedings 2019 (pp. 552–555). Pixel.
Kaplan-Rakowski, R., Johnson, K., & Wojdynski, T. (2021). The impact of virtual reality meditation on college students’ test performance. Smart Learning Environments, 8(21).
Kaplan-Rakowski, R., & Wojdynski, T. (2018). Students’ attitudes toward high-immersion virtual reality assisted language learning. Future-Proof CALL: Language Learning as Exploration and Encounters–Short Papers from EUROCALL 2018, 124–129.
Kaplan-Rakowski, R., & Gruber, A. (2022). Motivation and reading in high-immersion virtual reality. In B. Arnbjörnsdóttir, B. Bédi, L. Bradley, K. Friðriksdóttir, H. Garðarsdóttir, S. Thouësny, & M. J. Whelpton (Eds.), Intelligent CALL, granular systems, and learner data: Short papers from EUROCALL 2022 (pp. 208–213). Research-publishing.net. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2022.61.1460
Kaplan-Rakowski, R., & Gruber, A. (2023). An experimental study on reading in high-immersion virtual reality. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4262124
Kazantseva, E. A., Valiakhmetova, E. K., Minisheva, L. V., Anokhina, S. Z., & Latypova, E. M. (2016). A survey-based study of motivation and attitude to learning a second language at Ufa State University of Economics and Service. Global Media Journal, S2, 8.
Khukalenko, I. S., Bazhina, P. S., & Zemtsov, D. I. (2022a). Immersive technologies in school education: based on the results of the All-Russian Testing Program. Perspectives of Science and Education, 3(57), 338–353.
Khukalenko, I. S., Kaplan-Rakowski, R., An, Y., & Iushina, V. D. (2022b). Teachers’ perceptions of using virtual reality technology in classrooms: a large-scale survey. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11061-0.
Kilinc, E., Tarman, B., & Aydin, H. (2018). Examining turkish social studies teachers’ beliefs about barriers to technology integration. TechTrends, 62, 221–223.
Krokos, E., Plaisant, C., & Varshney, A. (2019). Virtual memory palaces: immersion aids recall. Virtual Reality, 23(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0346-3.
Küntzer, L., Hoffmann, M., & Rock, G. (2019). Virtual Reality as an E-Learning tool in the student-centered vehicle development project” proTRon”. DELFI 2019
Lee, A. (2019). Using virtual reality to test academic listening proficiency. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics, 19(4), 688–712.
Loh, E. K. (2019). What we know about expectancy-value theory, and how it helps to design a sustained motivating learning environment. System, 86, 102119.
Makransky, G., & Lilleholt, L. (2018). A structural equation modeling investigation of the emotional value of immersive virtual reality in education. Educational Technology Research and Development, 66(5), 1141–1164.
Merchant, Z., Goetz, E. T., Cifuentes, L., Keeney-Kennicutt, W., & Davis, T. J. (2014). Effectiveness of virtual reality-based instruction on students’ learning outcomes in K-12 and higher education: a meta-analysis. Computers & Education, 70, 29–40.
Nagle, C. (2021). Using Expectancy Value Theory to understand motivation, persistence, and achievement in university-level foreign language learning. Foreign Language Annals, 54(4), 1238–1256.
Nespor, J. (1987). The role of beliefs in the practice of teaching. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 19(4), 317–328.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84(3), 231.
Nurutdinova, A. R., & Dmitrieva, E. V. (2017). The challenges for English language instruction (approach and analyse): The educational and cultural concern.Успехи современной науки и образования, (7),143–147.
Nikolopoulou, K., & Gialamas, V. (2015). Barriers to the integration of computers in early childhood settings: Teachers’ perceptions. Education and Information Technologies, 20(2), 285–301.
Pack, A., Barrett, A., Liang, H., & Monteiro, D. V. (2020). University EAP students’ perceptions of using a prototype virtual reality learning environment to learn writing structure. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 10(1), 27.
Pan, X., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2018). Why and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: the challenges of exploring a new research landscape. British Journal of Psychology, 109(3), 395–417.
Papin, K., & Kaplan-Rakowski, R. (2020). An exploratory analysis of the impact of learners’ first language on vocabulary recall using immersive technologies. CALL for widening participation: Short papers from EUROCALL 2020, 266. In K.-M. Frederiksen, S. Larsen, L. Bradley & S. Thouësny (Eds), CALL for widening participation: short papers from EUROCALL 2020 (pp. 266–271). Research-publishing.net. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.48.1199
Papin, K., & Kaplan-Rakowski, R. (2022). A study on vocabulary learning using immersive 360° pictures. Computer Assisted Language Learning, SSRNhttps://ssrn.com/abstract=3696821
Pellas, N., Dengel, A., & Christopoulos, A. (2020). A scoping review of immersive virtual reality in STEM Education. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 13(4), 748–761.
Radianti, J., Majchrzak, T. A., Fromm, J., & Wohlgenannt, I. (2020). A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Computers & Education, 147, 103778.
Regional Center for Linguistic Research in Russia (2017). https://letidor.ru/novosti/issledovateli-vyyavili-ostryy-deficit-uchiteley-angliyskogo-v-rossii-25-08-2017.htm
RIA News (2017). Vasilieva: Only 16% of teachers have good computer skillshttps://sn.ria.ru/20171222/1511515019.html. Accessed 22 Nov 2021.
Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Results of 2010 All-Russia population census. Retrieved from http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php
Sadaf, A., Newby, T. J., & Ertmer, P. A. (2012). Exploring pre-service teachers’ beliefs about using web 2.0 technologies in K-12 classroom. Computers & Education, 59(3), 937–945.
Solomon, Z., Ajayi, N., Raghavjee, R., & Ndayizigamiye, P. (2018, June). Lecturers’ perceptions of virtual reality as a teaching and learning platform. In Annual Conference of the Southern African Computer Lecturers’ Association (pp. 299–312). Springer, Cham.
Steuer, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73–93.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Inc.
Taherdoost, H. (2017). Determining sample size; how to calculate survey sample size. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems, 2, 237–239.
Tai, T. Y., Chen, H. H. J., & Todd, G. (2020). The impact of a virtual reality app on adolescent EFL learners’ vocabulary learning.Computer Assisted Language Learning,1–26.
Thrasher, T. (2022). The impact of virtual reality on L2 french learners’ language anxiety and oral comprehensibility: An exploratory study. CALICO Journal, 39(2). https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.42198
Timokhin, A. V. (2016). Problems of learning english in modern schools. In Proceedings of the IX International Conference on Actual Problems in Human Sciences) (pp. 284–290). Ryazan State University named for S. Yesenin.
Tondeur, J., Scherer, R., Baran, E., Siddiq, F., Valtonen, T., & Sointu, E. (2019). Teacher educators as gatekeepers: preparing the next generation of teachers for technology integration in education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1189–1209.
Volchkov, E. G. (2020). The Opinion of the Russian Teachers on the Use of Information Technology in Teaching. ARPHA Proceedings, 3, 2745.
Wozney, L., Venkatesh, V., & Abrami, P. (2006). Implementing computer technologies: teachers’ perceptions and practices. Journal of Technology and teacher education, 14(1), 173–207.
Yang, F. C. O., Lo, F. Y. R., Hsieh, J. C., & Wu, W. C. V. (2020). Facilitating communicative ability of EFL learners via high-immersion virtual reality. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 23(1), 30–49.
Ye, Y., & Kaplan-Rakowski, R. (2023). Practicing listening comprehension skills in high-immersion virtual reality. SSRN. .https://ssrn.com/abstract=4335690
Zibers, B., & Estes, J. S. (2021). Creating a virtual reality lab: using a student-centered Approach. Current and prospective applications of virtual reality in Higher Education (pp. 145–169). IGI Global.
Acknowledgements
As this paper was a part of Dr. Dhimolea’s dissertation, we want to acknowledge the invaluable guidance and advice provided by her dissertation committee members, Drs Lin Lin, Lauren Eutsler, and Michael Spector, who have greatly contributed to the quality of the early version of this paper. Furthermore, we would like to thank Dmitry Igorevich Zemtsov and Alexander Sergeevich Klenin for their help in organizing data collection.
Funding
This work was not supported by any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Conflict of interest
None.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kaplan-Rakowski, R., Dhimolea, T.K. & Khukalenko, I.S. Language teachers’ beliefs about using high-immersion virtual reality. Educ Inf Technol 28, 12505–12525 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11686-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11686-9