Abstract
This study highlights the importance of educational leaders’ responsibilities in virtual spaces, as they are perceived by school faculties and provides a validated tool to measure teachers' perception of a "principal's leadership presence in social media networks". 235 Israeli teachers participated in the study –180 (77%) females and 55 (23%) males, using a questionnaire consisting of 14 items scaled in a 6-point Likert format. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) reveal four modalities of the principal’s on-going leadership presence in social media networks: branding and communicative, transformational, supportive-protective and enforcement presence. The questionnaire may provide principals and educational policy designers with a plan to regulate the socio-professional relationship among a school's stakeholders.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17–40.
Anast-May, L., Mitchell, M., Buckner, B. C., & Elsberry, C. (2012). School principals as marketing managers: The expanding role of marketing for school development. Journal of School Public Relations, 33(4), 262–291.
Antonakis, J., & Atwater, L. (2002). Leader distance: A review and a proposed theory. Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 673–704.
Balkundi, P., & Kilduff, M. (2006). The ties that lead: A social network approach to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(4), 419–439.
AERA Code of Ethics: American Educational Research Association Approved by the AERA Council February 2011. (2011). Educational Researcher, 40(3), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11410403
Berger, H. (2015). Leadership Presence: Construct Development and Implications for School Outcomes [Doctoral dissertation, University of Haifa]. MACAM Repository. Retrieved March 13, 2023, from http://library.macam.ac.il/study/pdf_files/d11936.pdf
Bicen, H., & Haidov, R. (2021). A content analysis on articles using twitter in education. Postmodern Openings, 12(1Sup1 SE-), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.18662/po/12.1Sup1/269
Boardman, M. (2003). Recognition? Trust? Support? Presence? What really counts in early childhood leadership. Journal of Australian Research in Early Childhood Education, 10(1), 1–11. http://ecite.utas.edu.au/30538
Bradshaw, C. P. (2013). Preventing bullying through positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS): A multitiered approach to prevention and integration. Theory into Practice, 52(4), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2013.829732
Bulmer, M. (1979). Concepts in the analysis of qualitative data. The Sociological Review, 27(4), 651–677.
Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15(1), 68–76.
Carr, C. T., & Hayes, R. A. (2015). Social media: defining, developing, and divining. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 23(1), 46–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2015.972282
Cassidy, W., Brown, K., & Jackson, M. (2012). “Making kind cool”: Parents’ suggestions for preventing cyber bullying and fostering cyber kindness. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46(4), 415–436.
Cavallo, R., & Roth-Cerina, M. (Eds.) (2020). The Hidden School - EAAE Annual Conference 2019, Zagreb: Book of Abstracts. TU Delft Open. https://books.bk.tudelft.nl/index.php/press/catalog/book/ISBN9789463661966
Cochrane, T. (2014). Mobile social media as a catalyst for pedagogical change. In J. Viteli & M. Leikomaa (Eds.), Proceedings of EdMedia + Innovate learning 2014 (pp. 2187–2200). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Cox, D., & McLeod, S. (2014). Social media strategies for school principals. NASSP Bulletin, 98(1), 5–25.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative and mixed methods. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Cullen-Lester, K. L., Maupin, C. K., & Carter, D. R. (2017). Incorporating social networks into leadership development: A conceptual model and evaluation of research and practice. In Leadership Quarterly (Vol. 28, Issue 1, pp. 130–152). Elsevier Inc.
Daly, A. J., & Finnigan, K. S. (2010). A bridge between worlds: Understanding network structure to understand change strategy. Journal of Educational Change, 11(2), 111–138.
Daly, A. J., Liou, Y.-H., Fresno, M. D., Rehm, M., & Bjorklund, P. (2019). Educational leadership in the twitterverse: Social media, social networks, and the new social continuum. Teachers College Record, 121(14), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811912101404
Darioly, A., & Mast, M. S. (2014). The role of nonverbal behavior in leadership: An integrative review. In Leader interpersonal and influence skills: The soft skills of leadership. (pp. 73–100). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Demers, J. A., & Sullivan, A. L. (2016). Confronting the ubiquity of electronic communication and social media: Ethical and legal considerations for psychoeducational practice. Psychology in the Schools, 53(5), 517–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21920
Durak, H. Y., & Saritepeci, M. (2018). Analysis of the relation between computational thinking skills and various variables with the structural equation model. Computers and Education, 116, 191–202.
Foody, M., Murphy, H., Downes, P., & O’Higgins Norman, J. (2018). Anti-bullying procedures for schools in Ireland: Principals’ responses and perceptions. Pastoral Care in Education, 36(2), 126–140.
Gliem, J. A., & Gliem, R. R. (2003). Calculating, Interpreting, And Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient For Likert-Type Scales. In T. R. Ferro & G. J. Dean (Eds.), 2003 Midwest Research to Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing and Community Education, (pp. 82–88). the Ohio State University, Columbus
Grafström, M., & Falkman, L. L. (2017). Everyday narratives: CEO rhetoric on Twitter. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 30(3), 312–322.
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510–531.
Griffith, J., Steptoe, A., & Cropley, M. (1999). An investigation of coping strategies associated with job stress in teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(4), 517–531.
Gross-Manos, D., & Bradshaw, J. (2022). The association between the material well-being and the subjective well-being of children in 35 countries. Child Indicators Research, 15(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12187-021-09860-X/TABLES/17
Halpern, B. L., & Lubar, K. (2003). Leadership presence: Dramatic techniques to reach out, motivate, and inspire. Gotham Books.
Herlle, M., & Astray-Caneda, V. (2012). The impact of social media in the workplace. In M. S. Plakhotnik, S. M. Nielsen, & D. M. Pane (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th annual college of education & GSN research conference. (pp. 67–73). Florida International University, Miami.
Hoppe, B., & Reinelt, C. (2010). Social network analysis and the evaluation of leadership networks. Leadership Quarterly, 21(4), 600–619.
Jacobs, N. C., Völlink, T., Dehue, F., & Lechner, L. (2014). Online Pestkoppenstoppen: Systematic and theory-based development of a web-based tailored intervention for adolescent cyberbully victims to combat and prevent cyberbullying. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-396/FIGURES/7
Jameson, D. A. (2014). Crossing public-private and personal-professional boundaries. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 77(1), 7–30.
Jędrzejczyk, W. (2021). Barriers in the use of social media in managing the image of educational institutions. Procedia Computer Science, 192, 1904–1913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.08.196
Konishi, C., Miyazaki, Y., Hymel, S., & Waterhouse, T. (2017). Investigating associations between school climate and bullying in secondary schools: Multilevel contextual effects modeling. School Psychology International, 38(3), 240–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034316688730
Kramer, R. (2020). Leadership Presence. In A. J. Viera & R. Kramer (Eds.), Management and Leadership Skills for Medical Faculty and Healthcare Executives: A Practical Handbook (pp. 157–162). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45425-8_16
Krosnick, J. A. (2018). Questionnaire design. In D. Vannette & J. Krosnick (Eds.), The palgrave handbook of survey research (pp. 439–455). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54395-6_53
Ladkin, D., & Taylor, S. S. (2014). Introduction: The physicality of leadership: ‘Ceci N’est Pas Une Pipe.’ In T. S. S. (Ed.), The physicality of leadership: Gesture, entanglement, taboo, possibilities (vol. 6, pp. 1–13). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Liou, Y. H., & Daly, A. J. (2018). Evolving Relationships of Pre-Service Teachers: A Cohort-Based Model for Growing Instructional Practice Through Networks. In S. A. Yoon & K. J. Baker-Doyle (Eds.), Networked by Design: Interventions for Teachers to Develop Social Capital (1st ed., pp. 85–110). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315122991
Lokmić, M., Opić, S., & Bilić, V. (2013). Violence against teachers - rule or exception?. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 1(2), 6–15.
Mehra, A., Dixon, A. L., Brass, D. J., & Robertson, B. (2006). The social network ties of group leaders: Implications for group performance and leader reputation. Organization Science, 17(1), 64–79.
Mejeh, M. (2020). Cross-sectional social network analysis. In M. Huber & D. E. Froehlich (Eds.), Analyzing group interactions a guidebook for qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods (pp. 85–95). Routledge.
Men, L. R. (2021). The impact of startup CEO communication on employee relational and behavioral outcomes: Responsiveness, assertiveness, and authenticity. Public Relations Review, 47(4), 102078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102078
Mohajan, H. K. (2018). Qualitative research methodology in social sciences and related subjects. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 7(1), 23–48.
Moolenaar, N. M., & Daly, A. J. (2012). Social networks in education: Exploring the social side of the reform equation. American Journal of Education, 119(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1086/667762
Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., & Sleegers, P. J. C. (2010). Occupying the principal position: Examining relationships between transformational leadership, social network position, and schools’ innovative climate. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(5), 623–670.
Moqbel, M., Nevo, S., & Kock, N. (2013). Organizational members’ use of social networking sites and job performance: An exploratory study. Information Technology & People, 26(3), 240–264.
Ng, E. D., Chua, J. Y. X., & Shorey, S. (2020). The effectiveness of educational interventions on traditional bullying and cyberbullying among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(1), 132–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020933867
Olenik-Shemesh, D., Heiman, T., & Eden, S. (2015). Bystanders’ behavior in cyberbullying episodes: Active and passive patterns in the context of personal–socio-emotional factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(1), 23–48.
Omer, H. (2021). Nonviolent resistance: A new approach to violent and self-destructive children. In S. London-Sapir (Ed.), Nonviolent resistance: A new approach to violent and self-destructive children. (Seconf Edi). Cambridge University Press.
Oplatka, I., & Hemsley-Brown, J. (2012). Research on School Marketing, current issues and future directions, an updated version. In J. Hemsley-Brown, I. B. T.-T. M. and L. of E. M. Oplatka, J. Hemsley-Brown, & I. Oplatka (Eds.), The Management and Leadership of Educational Marketing. Emerald Group Publishing.
Peterson, R. A. (1994). A meta-analysis of Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(2), 381–391.
Pitts, V. M., & Spillane, J. P. (2009). Using social network methods to study school leadership. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 32(2), 185–207.
Rehm, M., Daly, A., Bjorklund, P., Liou, Y.-H., & del Fresno, M. (2021). The social continuum of educational leadership: Exploring the offline and online social networks of elementary principals. The Elementary School Journal, 122(1), 112–135. https://doi.org/10.1086/715478
Robinson, D. (2005). The search for community cohesion: Key themes and dominant concepts of the public policy agenda. Urban Studies, 42(8), 1411–1427. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500150755
Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), 25–41.
Sawyer, J. L., Mishna, F., Pepler, D., & Wiener, J. (2011). The missing voice: Parents’ perspectives of bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(10), 1795–1803.
Schawbel, D. (2015). Me 2.0: 4 steps to building your future. Diversion Books.
Schilling, J. (2006). On the pragmatics of qualitative assessment designing the process for content analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.1.28
Schreiber, J. B., Stage, F. K., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E. A. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–337.
Sharma, I., & Sudhesh, N. T. (2018). Social media and work-life balance among corporate employees. International Journal of Education and Management Studies, 8(1), 65–70.
Shkedi, A. (2007). Second-order theoretical analysis: a method for constructing theoretical explanation. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 17(5), 627–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839042000253630
Smale, W. T., & Hill, J. (2016). The principal's role in regulating students' use of social media technology: Journal of educational administration and foundations. EAF Journal, 25(1), 19-28. Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/principals-role-regulating-students-use-social/docview/1792369374/se-2
Spicer, A. (2018). Business bullshit. Routledge.
Spillane, J. P. (2005). Distributed leadership. The Educational Forum, 69(2), 143–150.
Spillane, J. P., Halverson, R., & Diamond, J. B. (2001). Investigating school leadership practice: A distributed perspective. Educational Researcher, 30(3), 23–28.
Stevens, J. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (5th ed.). Routledge.
Tang, Y., & Hew, K. F. (2017). Using twitter for education: Beneficial or simply a waste of time? Computers & Education, 106, 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPEDU.2016.12.004
Tess, P. A. (2013). The role of social media in higher education classes (real and virtual) – A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(5), A60–A68. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2012.12.032
Towner, T. L., & Lego Muñoz, C. (2011). Facebook and education: A classroom connection? In C. Wankel (Ed.), Educating educators with social media (Vol. 1, pp. 33–57). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-9968(2011)0000001005
Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464–476.
Tuten, T., & Marks, M. (2014). The adoption of social media as educational technology among marketing educators. Marketing Education Review, 22(3), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.2753/MER1052-8008220301
Uddin, M., Goodrum, P. M., & Mahboub, K. C. (2011). Severity of nonnormality in pavement quality assurance: Acceptance quality characteristics data and adverse effects on acceptance and pay. Transportation Research Record, 2228(1), 70–77.
Van Den Beemt, A., Thurlings, M., & Willems, M. (2020). Towards an understanding of social media use in the classroom: A literature review. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 29(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2019.1695657
van Griethuijsen, R. A. L. F., van Eijck, M. W., Haste, H., den Brok, P. J., Skinner, N. C., Mansour, N., Gencer, A. S., & BouJaoude, S. (2015). Global patterns in students’ views of science and interest in science. Research in Science Education, 45(4), 581–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-014-9438-6
Wang, W., Vaillancourt, T., Brittain, H. L., McDougall, P., Krygsman, A., Smith, D., Cunningham, C. E., Haltigan, J. D., & Hymel, S. (2014). School climate, peer victimization, and academic achievement: Results from a multi-informant study. School Psychology Quarterly, 29(3), 360–377.
Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219–246.
Weathers, J. M., & White, G. P. (2015). Executive coaching of school leaders in a mid-sized urban school district: Development of a model of effective practice. Advances in Educational Administration, 22, 191–222.
Whittaker, E., & Kowalski, R. M. (2015). Cyberbullying via social media. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 11–29.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Elyakim, N., Buskila, Y., Chen-Levi, T. et al. Leading the hidden school: a principal’s presence in social media networks. Educ Inf Technol 28, 13323–13347 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11702-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11702-y