Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new model to classify wastes in IT organizations. In the beginning, we discuss the potential reasons behind the relatively low success rate of lean initiatives in knowledge-based industries in general and in IT organizations in particular. The virtual nature of business processes in IT organizations calls into question the applicability of Toyota’s categorization of physical wastes in IT settings. Then, through a real-life project, we develop a new model of waste categorization for the operation of a “medium-sized” IT department. In addition to the new classifications specific to IT, we discuss suitable elimination strategies and how they have improved the daily operations of the organization by reducing the lead-time by 56–60 %, increasing customer satisfactions by 15.7 %, and saving hundreds of thousands of the operational cost. Finally, we emphasize the need to think lean when developing the waste elimination strategies by eliminating the root cause of the waste and not the subsequent wastes.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The identity of the organization under study is kept anonymous and is explicitly omitted from this paper. This is an agreement by the organization and the research group. Hence, for the remainder of the paper, we will refer to the company by an arbitrary name ORGUS.
References
Addy R (2007) Effective IT service management: to ITIL and beyond! Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York
Ammerman M (1998) The root cause analysis handbook: a simplified approach to identifying, correcting, and reporting workplace errors. Productivity, Inc., Portland
Argyris C (2004) Reasons And Rationalizations: The Limits to Organizational Knowledge. Oxford University Press
Bellingham R (2004) HR optimization: from personnel administration to human and organizational capital development. HRD Press, Inc., Massachusetts
Besterfield DH (2009) Quality control. Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersy
Bhagat RS, Steers RM (2009) Cambridge handbook of culture, organizations, and work. Cambridge University Press, New York
Boeg J (2011) Priming kanban: a 10 step guide to optimizing flow in your software delivery system. Chronografisk, Denmark
DeMarco T (2011) All late projects are the same. IEEE Softw 28(6):103–104
Dennis P (2007) Lean production simplified. Productivity Press, New York
de-Ste-Croix A, & Easton A (2008) The Product Owner Team. Agile ‘08 Conference (pp. 274–279). IEEE
Dittrich Y, Rönkkö K, Eriksson J, Hansson C, Lindeberg O (2008) Cooperative method development. Empir Softw Eng 13(3):231–260
Easterbrook S, Singer J, Storey M-A & Damian D (2008) Selecting Empirical Methods for Software Engineering Research. In Guide to Advanced Empirical Software Engineering (pp. 285-311). Springer London
Goldratt EM, Cox J (1992) The goal: a process of ongoing improvement. North River Press, Massachusetts
Harvard Business Review (2011) Management tips. Harvard Business Press, Massachusetts
Hino S (2002) Inside the mind of Toyota. Productivity Press, New York
Humble J, Farley D (2011) Contiinuous delivery. Addison-Wesley, New Jersey
International Institute of Business Analysis (2009) A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK)
Jaisingh S (2012) Lean manufacturing [class handout]. department of mechanical engineering, University of Alberta. Edmonton, Canada
Kim H, Pries J (2011) Testing complex and embedded systems. CRC Press, New York
Liker JK, Hoseus M (2008) Toyota culture: the heart and sould of the Toyota Way. McGraw-Hill, New York
Magee D (2008) How Toyota became #1. Penguin Group, New York
Martin A, Biddle R & Noble J (2009) XP Customer Practices: A Grounded Theory. Agile Conference, AGILE ‘09. (pp. 33–40). IEEE
McConnell S (1996) Rapid development: taming wild software schedules. Microsoft Press, Washington
McGovern J, Shelly S (2008) The happy employee: 101 ways for managers to attract, retain, & inspire the best and brightest. Adams Business, Massachusetts
Middleton P (2012) Lean software management: BBC worldwide case study. IEEE Trans Eng Manag 59(1):20–32
Morgan JM & Liker JK (2006) The Toyota Product Development System: Integrating People, Process, and Technology. Productivity Press
Murugaiah U, Benjamin SJ, Marathamuthu MS, Muthaiyah S (2010) Scrap loss reduction using the 5-whys analysis. Int J Qual Reliability Manag 27(5):27–540
Nottonson K (2011) Yahoo! sports: sprint 100 & beyond. agile conference (pp. 252–255). IEEE
OhnoT (1988) Toyota production system: beyond large-scale production. Productivity Press
Packlick J (2007) The agile maturity map a goal oriented approach to agile improvement. agile conference 2006 (pp. 266–271). IEEE
Petersen K, Wohlin C (2009) A comparison of issues and advantages in agile and incremental development between state of the art and an industrial case. J Syst Softw 82(9):1479–1490
Petersen K, Wohlin C (2010) Software process improvement through the lean measurement (SPI-LEAM) method. J Syst Softw 83(7):1275–1287
Poppendieck M & Poppendieck T (2003) Lean software development: an agile toolkit. Addison Wesley
Poppendieck, M & Poppendieck T (2006) Implementing lean software development: from concept to cash. Addison Wesley
Programmers Forum (2012) What is the difference between requirements and specifications? Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/121289/what-is-the-difference-between-requirements-and-specifications
Project Management Institute (2008) A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide). USA, Philadelphia
Przekop P (2006) Six sigma for business excellence: a Manager’s guide to supervising six sigma projects and teams. McGraw-Hill, New York
Rand C & Eckfeldt B (2004) Aligning strategic planning with agile development: extending agile thinking to business improvement. agile development conference, (pp. 78–82)
Runeson P, Höst M (2009) Guidelines for conducting and reporting case study research in software engineering. Empir Softw Eng 14(2):131–164
Schyff A (2011) Lean software development
Schwaber K, Sutherland J (2012) Software in 30 days: how agile managers beat the odds, delight their customers, and leave competitors in the dust. Wiley, NJ
Shah R, Ward PT (2007) Defining and developing measures of lean production. J Oper Manag 25(4):785–805
Shelton C (2010) Business process reengineering with commercial off-the-shelf software. department of defense, department of the air force Washington DC. Defense AT&L, Washington
Singer J, Sim SE, Lethbridge TC (2008) Software engineering data collection for field studie. In: Singer J, Sim SE, Lethbridge TC, Shull F, Singer J, Sjøberg DI (eds) Guide to advanced empirical software engineering. Springer, London, pp 9–34
Spearman WJ (2004) To pull or not to pull: what is the question? Manuf Serv Oper Manag 6(2):133–148
Staats BR, & Upton DM (2011) Lean knowledge work. Harvard business review
Staats BR, Brunner DJ, Upton DM (2011b) Lean principles, learning, and knowledge work: evidence from a software services provider. J Oper Manag 29(5):376–390
Stober T, Hansmann U (2010) Agile software development: best practices for large software development projects. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York
Tapping DT (2002) Value stream managemenet: eight steps to planning, mapping, and sustaining lean improvements. Productivity Press, New York
Walsh R (2008) Time management: proven techniques for making every minute count. Adams Media, MA
Wang X, Conboy K, Cawley O (2012) “Leagile” software development: an experience report analysis of the application of lean approaches in agile software development. J Syst Softw 85(6):1287–1299
Waterhouse P (2008) Improving IT economics: Thinking ‘Lean’. CA White Paper
Watkins J (2009) Agile testing: How to succeed in an extreme testing environment. Cambridge University Press, New York
Watkins J, Mills S (2011) Testing IT: an Off-the-shelf software testing process, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, New York
Womack JP (2007) The machine that changed the world. Free Press, New York
Xingjian Y (1992) A database design method for finite element analysis. Comput & Struct 44(4):911–914
Yap M (2006) Value-based extreme programming. Agile conference (pp. 175–184). IEEE
Younker J (2008) Foundations of agile python development. Apress
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by: Nachiappan Nagappan
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Al-Baik, O., Miller, J. Waste identification and elimination in information technology organizations. Empir Software Eng 19, 2019–2061 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-014-9302-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-014-9302-3