Skip to main content
Log in

Embracing grief in the age of deathbots: a temporary tool, not a permanent solution

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Ethics and Information Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

“Deathbots,” digital constructs that emulate the conversational patterns, demeanor, and knowledge of deceased individuals. Earlier moral discussions about deathbots centered on the dignity and autonomy of the deceased. This paper primarily examines the potential psychological and emotional dependencies that users might develop towards deathbots, considering approaches to prevent problematic dependence through temporary use. We adopt a hermeneutic method to argue that deathbots, as they currently exist, are unlikely to provide substantial comfort. Lacking the capacity to bear emotional burdens, they fall short of meeting idealistic expectations. By repositioning deathbots, we aim to mitigate the risk of emotional dependency and respect the natural grieving process. Our goal is to propose the use of deathbots as a novel means of mourning through transitory use, rather than as a method to alleviate grief or as a patterns for communication with the deceased.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albayrak, N., & Özdemir, A. (2018). and Engin Zeydan. An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Based Chatbots and an Example Chatbot Application. In 2018 26th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU), 1–4. IEEE.

  • Bassett, D. J. (2018). Digital afterlives: From Social Media platforms to Thanabots and Beyond. Death and Anti-Death, 16, 200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2019). The Other Side of Sadness: What the New Science of Bereavement Tells Us about Life after Loss. Hachette UK.

  • Bourdieu, P. (2018). Distinction a Social Critique of the judgement of taste. Inequality (pp. 287–318). Routledge.

  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and Prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broadbent, Elizabeth, I., Han Kuo, Y. I. Lee, Joel Rabindran, Kerse, N., Stafford, R., & MacDonald, B. A. (2010). Attitudes and Reactions to a Healthcare Robot. Telemedicine and E-Health 16 (5): 608–13. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2009.0171.

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (2000). Ecological systems Theory. Oxford University Press.

  • Buben, A. (2015). Technology of the Dead: Objects of loving remembrance or replaceable resources? Philosophical Papers, 44(1), 15–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, M. (2023). The consumption of Ritual and the changing values of filial piety in ancestor worship. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 34(1), 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cath, C., Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., & Taddeo, M., and Luciano Floridi (2018). Artificial Intelligence and the ‘Good society’: The US, EU, and UK Approach. Science and Engineering Ethics, 24, 505–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cholbi, M. (2021). Grief: A philosophical guide. Princeton University Press.

  • Daley, K. (2020). Artificial You: AI and the future of your mind. The Philosophers’ Magazine no, 89, 110–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, A. (2020). Conversation from beyond the grave? A Neo-confucian Ethics of Chatbots of the Dead. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 37(1), 73–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, T. (2018). Presence in absence. The ambiguous phenomenology of grief. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 17(1), 43–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (2017). Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315128337.

  • Henrickson, L. (2023). Chatting with the Dead: The hermeneutics of Thanabots. Media Culture & Society, 01634437221147626.

  • Hill, Jennifer, W. R., Ford, & Farreras, I. G. (2015). Real conversations with Artificial Intelligence: A comparison between human–human online conversations and human–chatbot conversations. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 245–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across Nations. sage.

  • Jetten, J., Haslam, C., & Haslam Alexander, S. (2012). The Social Cure: Identity, Health and Well-Being. Psychology press.

  • Jiménez-Alonso, B., and Ignacio Brescó de Luna (2023). Griefbots. A New Way of communicating with the Dead? Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 57(2), 466–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasket, E. (2012). Continuing bonds in the age of Social networking: Facebook as a modern-day medium. Bereavement Care, 31(2), 62–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, L. (2021a). Microsoft patent details tech that could turn dead people into AI chatbots. CNET. https://www.cnet.com/science/microsoft-patent-details-tech-that-could-turn-dead-people-into-ai-chatbots/.

  • Katz, L. (2021b). Talk with your dead loved ones – through a chatbot. CNET. https://www.cnet.com/culture/hereafter-ai-lets-you-talk-with-your-dead-loved-ones-through-a-chatbot/.

  • Klass, D., & Silverman, P. R., and Steven Nickman (2014). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Taylor & Francis.

  • Kleinberg, B., & Van Der Vegt, I. (2020). and Maximilian Mozes. Measuring Emotions in the Covid-19 Real World Worry Dataset. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2004.04225.

  • Krueger, J., and Lucy Osler (2022). Communing with the Dead Online: Chatbots, grief, and Continuing Bonds. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 29(9–10), 222–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kübler-Ross, E., and David Kessler (2005). On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. Simon and Schuster.

  • Lindemann, N. F. (2022a). The ethical permissibility of chatting with the Dead: Towards a normative Framework for ‘deathbots’. Publications of the Institute of Cognitive Science 1.

  • Lindemann, N. F. (2022b). The Ethics of ‘deathbots’. Science and Engineering Ethics, 28(6), 60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubale, N. (2023). Chinese Man Uses Artificial Intelligence To Converse With Dead Grandmother. Business 2 Community. https://www.business2community.com/tech-news/chinese-man-uses-artificial-intelligence-to-converse-with-dead-grandmother-02673968.

  • Meese, J., Nansen, B., Kohn, T., Arnold, M., & Gibbs, M. (2015). Posthumous personhood and the affordances of Digital Media. Mortality, 20(4), 408–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2010). Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and change. Guilford Publications.

  • Millar, B., and Pilar Lopez-Cantero (2022). Grief, Continuing Bonds, and Unreciprocated Love. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 60(3), 413–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, L. M., Peter, H., Stephenson, S., & Cadell, and Mary Ellen Macdonald (2012). Death and grief On-Line: Virtual memorialization and changing concepts of Childhood death and parental bereavement on the internet. Health Sociology Review, 21(4), 413–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munch-Jurisic, D. M. (2021). Lost for words: Anxiety, Well-Being, and the costs of conceptual deprivation. Synthese, 199(5–6), 13583–13600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neimeyer, R. A. (2000). Searching for the meaning of meaning: Grief therapy and the process of Reconstruction. Death Studies, 24(6), 541–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norlock, K. J. (2017). Real (and) Imaginal relationships with the Dead. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 51, 341–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Öhman, C., and Luciano Floridi (2017). The Political Economy of Death in the age of information: A critical Approach to the Digital Afterlife Industry. Minds and Machines, 27, 639–662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Öhman, C., and Luciano Floridi (2018). An ethical Framework for the Digital Afterlife Industry. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(5), 318–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pardes, A. (2023). n.d. The Emotional Chatbots Are Here to Probe Our Feelings. Wired. Accessed September 4, https://www.wired.com/story/replika-open-source/.

  • Parkes, C. M. (1971). Bereavement: Determination of Outcome Following Bereavement [Summary]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 64 (3): 279–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/003591577106400320.

  • Parkes, C. M., Laungani, P., & Young, B. (1997). Death and bereavement across cultures. Routledge.

  • Ratcliffe, M. (2015). Relating to the dead: Social cognition and the phenomenology of grief. Phenomenology of sociality (pp. 202–216). Routledge.

  • Ratcliffe, M. (2017). Grief and the Unity of emotion. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 41(1), 154–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothaupt, J. W., and Kent Becker (2007). A Literature Review of Western Bereavement Theory: From decathecting to Continuing Bonds. The Family Journal, 15(1), 6–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stokes, P. (2021). Digital souls: A philosophy of online death. Bloomsbury Publishing.

  • Suler, J. (2004). The Online Disinhibition Effect. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toon, A. (2016). Fictionalism and the Folk. The Monist, 99(3), 280–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York, NY, US: Basic Books.

  • Wolf, M. J., Frances, S., & Grodzinsky, and Keith W. Miller (2022). Ethical reflections on handling Digital remains: Computing professionals picking up bones. Digital Society, 1(1), 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, N. (2014). Death and the internet: The implications of the Digital Afterlife. First Monday.

  • Xygkou, A., Siriaraya, P., Covaci, A., Prigerson, H. G., Neimeyer, R., Ang, C. S., & Wan-Jou She (2023). The Conversation about Loss: Understanding How Chatbot Technology Was Used in Supporting People in Grief. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–15.

  • Yalom, I. D. (2008). Staring at the Sun: Overcoming the terror of death. The Humanistic Psychologist, 36(3–4), 283–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yi Zeng.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bao, A., Zeng, Y. Embracing grief in the age of deathbots: a temporary tool, not a permanent solution. Ethics Inf Technol 26, 7 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09744-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09744-y

Keywords

Navigation