Abstract
With the wide applications of fuzzy theory in optimization, fuzzy arithmetic attracts great attention due to its inevitability in solution process. However, the complexity of the Zadeh extension principle significantly reduces the practicability of fuzzy optimization technology. In this paper, we prove some important properties on positive L-R fuzzy numbers, and propose a new calculation method for the product of multiple positive L-R fuzzy numbers. Furthermore, a numerical integral-based simulation algorithm (NISA) is proposed to approximate the expected value, variance and skewness of the product of positive L-R fuzzy numbers. As applications, a fuzzy multi-period utility maximization model for portfolio selection problem is considered. For handling the large number of multiplications on L-R fuzzy numbers during the optimization process, a genetic algorithm integrating NISA is designed. Finally, some numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the advantages of NISA. The results greatly enrich the fuzzy arithmetic methods and promote the practicability of fuzzy optimization technology.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the two anonymous referees for their helpful comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 71722007, 71433001, 71931001), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. XK1802-5), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Nos. 15210815, 17301519), IMR and RAE Research Fund from Faculty of Science, the University of Hong Kong.
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Appendices
Appendices
In this section, we present a proof on properties (i) and (ii), give the computation procedure of fuzzy simulation, and introduce a granular computing method to derive fuzzy returns based on historical data.
1.1 Appendix A
Proof
\(\mathbf (i) \): If \(x_{0}\in (a_{1}a_{2}, b_{1}b_{2})\), according to the Zadeh extension principle, we have
For any \((x_{1}, x_{2})\in L_{2}\) with \(x_{1}x_{2}=x_{0}\), take \(x^{*}_{1}=x_{0}/b_{2}\) and \(x^{*}_{2}=b_{2}\). It is obvious that \(x_{1}\le x^{*}_{1}\le b_{1}\) and \((x^{*}_{1}, x^{*}_{2})\in L_{1}\). Since \(\xi _{1}\) is a L-R fuzzy number, \(\mu _{1}(x)\) is increasing when \(x\in (a_{1}, b_{1})\) with \(\mu _{1}(x^{*}_{1})\ge \mu _{1}(x_{1})\) and \(\mu _{2}(x^{*}_{2})\ge \mu _{2}(x_{2})\), which implies that
Taking all \((x_{1}, x_{2})\in L_{2}\) into consideration, we have
Similarly, we can prove that
According to Eq. (15), we have
Now, we employ the reduction to absurdity to prove that there exist \(x_1 \in [a_{1}, b_{1}]\) and \(x_2 \in [a_{2}, b_{2}]\) such that \(x_{1}x_{2}=x_{0}\) and \(\mu _{1}(x_{1})=\mu _{2}(x_{2})=\mu (x_{0})\). Denote the \(\gamma \)-level sets of \(\xi _{i}\) as \([a_{i1}(\gamma ), a_{i2}(\gamma )]\), \(i=1, 2\). Suppose that \((x^{*}_{1}, x^{*}_{2})\in L_{1}\) satisfying \(x^{*}_{1}x^{*}_{2}=x_{0}\), and \(\min \{\mu _{1}(x^{*}_{1}), \mu _{2}(x^{*}_{2})\}\)\(=\mu (x_{0})\). If \(\mu _{1}(x^{*}_{1})\ne \mu _{2}(x^{*}_{2})\), without loss of generalization, assume \(\mu _{1}(x^{*}_{1})=\gamma _{1}\), \(\mu _{2}(x^{*}_{2})=\gamma _{2}\) and \(\gamma _{1}<\gamma _{2}\). Then take \(x^{**}_{1}=(1+\varepsilon )x^{*}_{1}\) and \(x^{**}_{2}=x^{*}_{2}/(1+\varepsilon )\), where \(\varepsilon \) is a small enough positive number satisfying
which ensures \((x^{**}_{1}, x^{**}_{2})\in L_{1}\) and \(\mu _{2}(x^{**}_{2})>(\gamma _{1}+\gamma _{2})/2>\)\(\mu _{1}(x^{*}_{1})\). Since \(\mu _{i}(x)\) is increasing in interval \((a_{i}, b_{i})\), \(i=1, 2\), then we have \(\min \{\mu _{1}(x^{**}_{1}), \mu _{2}(x^{**}_{2})\}>\min \{\mu _{1}(x^{*}_{1}),\)\( \mu _{2}(x^{*}_{2})\}\), which contradicts with \(\min \{\mu _{1}(x^{*}_{1}), \mu _{2}(x^{*}_{2})\}=\mu (x_{0})\) for the reason that \(\mu (x_{0})\) is the supremum of \(\min \{\mu _{1}(x_{1}), \mu _{2}(x_{2})\}\) over \(L_{1}\). This process illustrates that the value of \(\min \{\mu _{1}(x_{1}), \mu _{2}(x_{2})\}\) can be increased by getting \(\mu _{1}(x_{1})\) close to \(\mu _{2}(x_{2})\) with the above operations (See Fig. 5). If and only if \(\mu _{1}(x_{1})=\mu _{2}(x_{2})\), \(\min \{\mu _{1}(x_{1}), \mu _{2}(x_{2})\}\) arrives at its supremum over \(L_{1}\). Hence, for any \(x_{0}\in (a_{1}a_{2}, b_{1}b_{2})\), \(\mu (x_{0})=\mu _{1}(x_{1})=\mu _{2}(x_{2})\).
\(\mathbf (ii) \) If \(x_{0}\in (b_{1}b_{2}, c_{1}c_{2})\), the conclusion can be proved in the similar way. The proof is complete. \(\square \)
1.2 Appendix B
This appendix gives a basic computation procedure of fuzzy simulation (Guo et al. 2016). Suppose that \(\xi =(a, b, c)\) is a triangular fuzzy number with credibility function \(\nu (x)\), where \(\nu (x)=\mu (x)/2\). The steps for computing \(E[\xi ]\) is shown as follows. Firstly, randomly select N points \(y_{1}, y_{2}, \ldots , y_{N}\) in [a, c] and calculate their credibilities \(\nu _{1}, \nu _{2}, \ldots , \nu _{N}\). Then, set \(e=0\), \(s=\min \{y_{1}, y_{2}, \ldots , y_{N}\}\) and \(t=\max \{y_{1}, y_{2}, \ldots , y_{N}\}\). Secondly, randomly select a number r from [a, c]. If \(r>0\), set \(e\rightarrow e+\mathbf{Cr }\{\xi \ge \textit{r}\}\). Otherwise, set \(e\rightarrow e-\mathbf{Cr }\{\xi \le \textit{r}\}\). Here \(\mathbf{Cr }\{\xi \ge \textit{r}\}\) and \(\mathbf{Cr }\{\xi \le \textit{r}\}\) are credibility measure given by
Thirdly, repeat the second operation N times to update e constantly and finally output \(E[\xi ]=\max \{s, 0\}+\min \{t, 0\}+e\cdot (t-s)/N\).
1.3 Appendix C
This appendix introduces a granular computing method to derive fuzzy returns from historical data (Zhou et al. 2017). Denote \(r_{1},r_{2},\ldots ,r_{N}\) as the historical returns. We employ the following methods to generate the triangular fuzzy number (a, b, c). Firstly, set \(b=\sum _{i=1}^{N}r_{i}/N \), and calculate the membership degree of \( r_{i} \) by \(\mu (r_{i})=\mathbf 1 _{(-\infty , b)}(r_{i})\cdot (r_{i}-a)/(b-a)+(1-\mathbf 1 _{(-\infty , b)}(r_{i}))\cdot (b-r_{i})/(c-b)\), where \(\mathbf 1 _{(-\infty , b)}(r_{i})=1\) if \(r_{i}<b\), \(\mathbf 1 _{(-\infty , b)}(r_{i})=0\) otherwise. Secondly, assume \( \alpha \) is a given positive number, then determine a by maximizing the value of \(\sum _{a\le r_{i}< b}\mu (r_{i})\cdot \exp (-\alpha |b-a|),\) where \( \sum _{a\le r_{i}< b}\mu (r_{i}) \) is intended for covering most of the data points with \(r_{i}< b\), while \( \exp (-\alpha |b-a|) \) is applied to minimize the support length \( |b-a| \). Finally, determine c by maximizing \(\sum _{b\le r_{i}\le c}\mu (r_{i})\cdot \exp (-\alpha |c-b|),\) where \(\sum _{b\le r_{i}\le c}\mu (r_{i})\) is used to cover most of the data points with \(r_{i}> b\) and \( \exp (-\alpha |c-b|) \) is intended for minimizing \(|c-b|\).
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Li, X., Jiang, H., Guo, S. et al. On product of positive L-R fuzzy numbers and its application to multi-period portfolio selection problems. Fuzzy Optim Decis Making 19, 53–79 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10700-019-09308-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10700-019-09308-6