Abstract
In the last decade, the increasing number of devices connected to the internet has allowed the development of new technologies for distributed computing. IoT devices have reached computing capacities superior to personal computers of a few years ago, and their small size, low cost and lower energy consumption have made them fundamental for the new technological evolution. This paper analyzes and compares different solutions of serverless paradigms focused on dynamic behaviour adaptation, based on Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) framework. To allow a rapid interoperability of on-demand services, we propose a solution based on Blockchain, named BCB-FaaS, to ensure trustiness and accountability of function configuration, providing a strong barrier to well-known cyber-attacks. In addition, a cost analysis has been performed demonstrating how Blockchain can be an economic alternative to secure decentralized communications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ethereum, Available online: https://www.ethereum.org/ (accessed on 11 June 2020)
Hyperledger Fabric, Available online: https://www.hyperledger.org/use/fabric/ (accessed on 11 June 2020)
Hyperledger Sawtooth, Available online: https://www.hyperledger.org/use/sawtooth/ (accessed on 11 June 2020)
Infura, Available online: https://infura.io/ (accessed on 11 June 2020)
Ethereum Charts and Statistics, Available online: https://etherscan.io/charts (accessed on 15 March 2021)
Aral, A., Brandic, I., Uriarte, R.B., De Nicola, R., Scoca, V.: Addressing application latency requirements through edge scheduling. J. Grid Comput. 17(4), 677–698 (2019)
Baldini, I., Castro, P., Chang, K., Cheng, P., Fink, S., Ishakian, V., Mitchell, N., Muthusamy, V., Rabbah, R., Slominski, A., et al.: Serverless computing: Current trends and open problems. In: Research Advances in Cloud Computing, pp. 1–20. Springer (2017)
Baresi, L., Filgueira Mendonca̧, D.: Towards a serverless platform for edge computing. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Fog Computing (ICFC). pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFC.2019.00008(2019)
Baresi, L., Filgueira Mendonca̧, D.: Towards a serverless platform for edge computing. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Fog Computing (ICFC). pp. 1–10 (2019)
Bhukya, K.A., Ramasubbareddy, S., Govinda, K., Srinivas, T.A.S.: Adaptive mechanism for smart street lighting system. In: Smart Intelligent Computing and Applications, pp. 69–76. Springer (2020)
Bhushan, K., Gupta, B.B.: Distributed denial of service (ddos) attack mitigation in software defined network (sdn)-based cloud computing environment. J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 10 (5), 1985–1997 (2019)
Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., Addepalli, S.: Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. In: Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing. pp. 13–16 (2012)
Carnevale, L., Celesti, A., Galletta, A., Dustdar, S., Villari, M.: From the cloud to edge and iot: a smart orchestration architecture for enabling osmotic computing. In: 2018 32nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA). pp. 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1109/WAINA.2018.00122 (2018)
Hu, K., Zhu, J., Ding, Y., Bai, X., Huang, J.: Smart contract engineering. Electronics 9(12), 2042 (2020)
Hu, Z., Bai, Z., Yang, Y., Zheng, Z., Bian, K., Song, L.: Uav aided aerial-ground iot for air quality sensing in smart city: architecture, technologies, and implementation. IEEE Netw. 33(2), 14–22 (2019)
Khan, M.A.: Fog Computing in 5G Enabled Smart Cities: Conceptual Framework, Overview and Challenges. In: 2019 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISC246665.2019.9071695, pp 438–443 (2019)
Kochovski, P., Stankovski, V., Gec, S., Faticanti, F., Savi, M., Siracusa, D., Kum, S.: :Smart contracts for service-level agreements in edge-to-cloud computing. J. Grid Comput. 18(4), 673–690 (2020)
Liu, J., Liu, Z.: A survey on security verification of blockchain smart contracts. IEEE Access 7, 77894–77904 (2019)
Mallik, A., Ahsan, A., Shahadat, M., Tsou, J.: Man-in-the-middle-attack: Understanding in simple words. Int. J Data Netw. Sci. 3(2), 77–92 (2019)
Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system (03 2009) (2009)
Palade, A., Kazmi, A., Clarke, S.: An evaluation of open source serverless computing frameworks support at the edge. In: 2019 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES). vol. 2642-939X, pp. 206–211 (2019)
Perrin, C.: The cia triad. Dostopno na: http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/the-cia-triad/488(2008)
Ramachandran, G.S., Krishnamachari, B.: Blockchain for the iot: Opportunities and challenges. arXiv:1805.02818 (2018)
Rao, T.: 51% attacks on cryptocurrencies: A case study (05 2019) (2019)
Ruggeri, A., Celesti, A., Fazio, M., Galletta, A., Villari, M.: Bcb-x3dh: a blockchain based improved version of the extended triple diffie-hellman protocol. In: 2020 Second IEEE International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Intelligent Systems and Applications (TPS-ISA). pp. 73–78. IEEE (2020)
Ruggeri, A., Fazio, M., Celesti, A., Villari, M.: Blockchain-based healthcare workflows in federated hospital clouds. In: European Conference on Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing. pp. 113–121. Springer (2020)
Shahrad, M., Balkind, J., Wentzlaff, D.: Architectural implications of function-as-a-service computing. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture. pp. 1063–1075 (2019)
Shi, W., Cao, J., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Xu, L.: Edge computing: Vision and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J. 3(5), 637–646 (2016)
Sodhro, A.H., Pirbhulal, S., Muzammal, M., Zongwei, L.: Towards blockchain-enabled security technique for industrial internet of things based decentralized applications. J. Grid Comput. 18(4), 615–628 (2020)
Velte, T., Velte, A., Elsenpeter, R.: Cloud computing, a practical approach. McGraw-Hill Inc (2009)
Villari, M., Fazio, M., Dustdar, S., Rana, O., Jha, D.N., Ranjan, R.: Osmosis: The osmotic computing platform for microelements in the cloud, edge, and internet of things. Computer 52(8), 14–26 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.2888767
Vishwakarma, R., Jain, A.K.: A survey of ddos attacking techniques and defence mechanisms in the iot network. Telecom. Syst. 73(1), 3–25 (2020)
Wu, M., Wang, K., Cai, X., Guo, S., Guo, M., Rong, C.: A comprehensive survey of blockchain: From theory to iot applications and beyond. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(5), 8114–8154 (2019)
Xu, X., Huang, Q., Yin, X., Abbasi, M., Khosravi, M.R., Qi, L.: Intelligent offloading for collaborative smart city services in edge computing. IEEE Internet of Things J. 7(9), 7919–7927 (2020)
Yim, J., Cadiente, R.A., Mayuga, G.P., Magsino, E.R.: Integrated plate recognition and speed detection for intelligent transportation systems. In: 2020 IEEE 10th Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE). pp. 6–11. IEEE (2020)
Zhang, P., Schmidt, D.C., Lenz, G., Rosenbloom, S.T.: FHIRChain: applying blockchain to securely and scalably share clinical data. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J. 16, 267–278 (2018)
Zheng, S., Yang, X.: Dynashield: reducing the cost of ddos defense using cloud services. In: 11th {USENIX} Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 19) (2019)
Acknowledgements
This work has been partially supported by PON Metropolitan Cities 2014-2020 City of Messina.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ruggeri, A., Celesti, A., Fazio, M. et al. An Innovative Blockchain-Based Orchestrator for Osmotic Computing. J Grid Computing 20, 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-021-09579-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-021-09579-7