Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Difference expansion based reversible watermarking algorithms for copyright protection of images: state-of-the-art and challenges

  • Published:
International Journal of Speech Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the last two decades, there is a widespread and quick growth in the online connectivity globally, which has led to a steady increase in the sharing of multimedia content online. Illegal copying of data and its misuse has become common, and hence there is a rapid rise in research interests of developing a variety of authentication and data protection techniques. Digital watermarking has been used for years to copyright protect the Intellectual Property and is still a domain with lot of scope for research to suit its applicability to sensitive fields such as medical, military, aviation, satellite imagery, advertising, navigation, and designs, which are of very high resolution and demands undegraded transmission and storage. Many Reversible Watermarking (RW) techniques were developed for protection of such sensitive signals, of which Difference Expansion (DE) based methods became popular. This paper presents an extensive survey of reversible watermarking techniques based on DE algorithms for their characteristics, considerations, performance with respect to complexity, embedding capacity, perceptual impact, and fragility, to find the applicability of those algorithms. The paper also outlines the open research problems and provides some future directions for the researchers working in the related domain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig.1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abadi, M. A. M., Danyali, H., & Helfroush, M. S. (2010). Reversible watermarking based on interpolation error histogram shifting. In 2010 5th International Symposium on Telecommunications (pp. 840–845). IEEE.

  • Ahmad, T., Holil, M., Wibisono, W., & Muslim, I. R. (2013). An improved Quad and RDE-based medical data hiding method. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Cybernetics (CYBERNETICSCOM) (pp. 141–145). IEEE.

  • Al Huti, M. H. A., Ahmad, T., & Djanali, S. (2015). Increasing the capacity of the secret data using DEpixels blocks and adjusted RDE-based on grayscale images. In 2015 International Conference on Information & Communication Technology and Systems (ICTS) (pp. 225–230). IEEE.

  • Al-Hooti, M. H. A., Ahmad, T., & Djanali, S. (2019). Improving the capability of reduced difference expansion based digital image data hiding. IAENG International Journal of Computer Science, 46(4), 512–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Qershi, O. M., & Khoo, B. E. (2011). High capacity data hiding schemes for medical images based on difference expansion. Journal of Systems and Software, 84(1), 105–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Qershi, O. M., & Khoo, B. E. (2013). Two-dimensional difference expansion (2D-DE) scheme with a characteristics-based threshold. Signal Processing, 93(1), 154–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An, L., Gao, X., Li, X., Tao, D., Deng, C., & Li, J. (2012a). Robust reversible watermarking via clustering and enhanced pixel-wise masking. IEEE Transactions on image processing, 21(8), 3598–3611.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • An, L., Gao, X., Yuan, Y., Tao, D., Deng, C., & Ji, F. (2012b). Content-adaptive reliable robust lossless data embedding. Neurocomputing, 79, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andra, M. B., Ahmad, T., & Usagawa, T. (2017). Medical record protection with improved GRDE data hiding method on audio files. Engineering Letters, 25(2).

  • Araghi, T. K., Manaf, A. B. A., Zamani, M., & Araghi, S. K. (2016). A survey on digital image watermarking techniques in spatial and transform domains. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 3(1), 6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arham, A., Nugroho, H. A., & Adji, T. B. (2017). Multiple layer data hiding scheme based on difference expansion of quad. Signal Processing, 137, 52–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arsalan, M., Malik, S. A., & Khan, A. (2012). Intelligent reversible watermarking in integer wavelet domain for medical images. Journal of Systems and Software, 85(4), 883–894.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bobeica, A., Dragoi, I. C., Caciula, I., Coltuc, D., Albu, F., & Yang, F. (2018). Capacity control for prediction error expansion based audio reversible data hiding. In 2018 22nd International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC) (pp. 810–815). IEEE.

  • Borra, S., Dey, N., Ashour, A. S., & Shi, F. (2017). Digital image watermarking tools: State-of-the-art. In ITITS (pp. 450–459).

  • Borra, S., & Thanki, R. (2019). A frt-svd based blind medical watermarking technique for telemedicine applications. International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics (IJDCF), 11(2), 13–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borra, S., & Thanki, R. (2020). Crypto-watermarking scheme for tamper detection of medical images. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 8(4), 345–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borra, S., Thanki, R., & Dey, N. (2018). Digital image watermarking: Theoretical and computational advances. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borra, S., Thanki, R., Dey, N., & Borisagar, K. (2019). Secure transmission and integrity verification of color radiological images using fast discrete curvelet transform and compressive sensing. Smart Health, 12, 35–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caciula, I., & Coltuc, D. (2012). Capacity control of reversible watermarking by two-thresholds embedding. In 2012 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS) (pp. 223–227). IEEE.

  • Caciula, I., & Coltuc, D. (2013). Capacity control of reversible watermarking by two-thresholds embedding: Further results. In International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems ISSCS2013 (pp. 1–4). IEEE.

  • Caldelli, R., Filippini, F., & Becarelli, R. (2010). Reversible watermarking techniques: An overview and a classification. EURASIP Journal on Information Security, 2010(1), 134546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Celik, M. U., Sharma, G., Tekalp, A. M., & Saber, E. (2002). Reversible data hiding. In Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing (Vol. 2, pp. II–II). IEEE.

  • Celik, M. U., Sharma, G., Tekalp, A. M., & Saber, E. S. (2003). Localized lossless authentication watermark (LAW). In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents V (Vol. 5020, pp. 689–698). International Society for Optics and Photonics.

  • Celik, M. U., Sharma, G., Tekalp, A. M., & Saber, E. (2005). Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 14(2), 253–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M., Chen, Z., Zeng, X., & Xiong, Z. (2009). Reversible image watermarking based on full context prediction. In 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) (pp. 4253–4256). IEEE.

  • Cheung, Y. M., & Wu, H. T. (2007). A sequential quantization strategy for data embedding and integrity verification. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 17(8), 1007–1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, K. H., Chang-Chien, K. C., Chang, R. F., & Yen, H. Y. (2008). Tamper detection and restoring system for medical images using wavelet-based reversible data embedding. Journal of Digital Imaging, 21(1), 77–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, K. C., Pun, C. M., & Chen, C. P. (2015). Application of a generalized difference expansion based reversible audio data hiding algorithm. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 74(6), 1961–1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coatrieux, G., Pan, W., Cuppens-Boulahia, N., Cuppens, F., & Roux, C. (2012). Reversible watermarking based on invariant image classification and dynamic histogram shifting. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 8(1), 111–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coltuc, D. (2011). Improved embedding for prediction-based reversible watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 6(3), 873–882.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coltuc, D., & Chassery, J. M. (2007). Very fast watermarking by reversible contrast mapping. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 14(4), 255–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coltuc, D., & Tudoroiu, A. (2012). Multibit versus multilevel embedding in high capacity difference expansion reversible watermarking. In 2012 Proceedings of the 20th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) (pp. 1791–1795). IEEE.

  • Curran, K., & Lautman, R. (2011). The problems of jurisdiction on the internet. International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence (IJACI), 3(3), 36–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dabas, P., & Khanna, K. (2013). A study on spatial and transform domain watermarking techniques. International Journal of Computer Applications, 71(14), 38–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, S., & Sunaniya, A. K. (2020). A Comparative study of reversible video watermarking using automatic threshold adjuster and non-feedback-based DE method. In Smart Computing Paradigms: New Progresses and Challenges (pp. 77–85). Singapore: Springer.

  • Das, S., Sunaniya, A. K., Maity, R., & Maity, N. P. (2020). Efficient FPGA implementation of corrected reversible contrast mapping algorithm for video watermarking. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 103092.

  • Das, S., Sunaniya, A. K., Maity, R., & Maity, N. P. (2020). Efficient FPGA implementation of corrected reversible contrast mapping algorithm for video watermarking. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 103092.

  • De Vleeschouwer, C., Delaigle, J. E., & Macq, B. (2001). Circular interpretation of histogram for reversible watermarking. In 2001 IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (Cat. No. 01TH8564) (pp. 345–350). IEEE.

  • De Vleeschouwer, C., Delaigle, J. F., & Macq, B. (2003). Circular interpretation of bijective transformations in lossless watermarking for media asset management. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 5(1), 97–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dey, N., Acharjee, S., Biswas, D., Das, A., & Chaudhuri, S. S. (2013). Medical information embedding in compressed watermarked intravascular ultrasound video. arXiv preprint arXiv:1303.2211.

  • Dey, N., Das, P., Roy, A. B., Das, A., & Chaudhuri, S. S. (2012). DWT-DCT-SVD based intravascular ultrasound video watermarking. In 2012 World Congress on Information and Communication Technologies (pp. 224–229). IEEE.

  • Dey, N., Mukhopadhyay, S., Das, A., & Chaudhuri, S. S. (2012). Analysis of P-QRS-T components modified by blind watermarking technique within the electrocardiogram signal for authentication in wireless telecardiology using DWT. International Journal of Image, Graphics and Signal Processing, 4(7), 33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dey, N., Roy, A. B., Das, A., & Chaudhuri, S. S. (2012). Stationary wavelet transformation based self-recovery of blind-watermark from electrocardiogram signal in wireless telecardiology. In International Conference on Security in Computer Networks and Distributed Systems (pp. 347–357). Berlin: Springer.

  • Dey, N., Samanta, S., Yang, X. S., Das, A., & Chaudhuri, S. S. (2013). Optimisation of scaling factors in electrocardiogram signal watermarking using cuckoo search. International Journal of Bio-Inspired Computation, 5(5), 315–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dragoi, C., & Coltuc, D. (2012). Improved rhombus interpolation for reversible watermarking by difference expansion. In 2012 Proceedings of the 20th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) (pp. 1688–1692). IEEE.

  • Dragoi, I. C., & Coltuc, D. (2014). Local-prediction-based difference expansion reversible watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 23(4), 1779–1790.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Dragoi, I. C., & Coltuc, D. (2016). Adaptive pairing reversible watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 25(5), 2420–2422.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Elbadry, S., Xiang, Y., Zong, T., & Natgunanathan, I. (2014). A new interpolation error expansion based reversible watermarking algorithm considering the human visual system. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) (pp. 896–900). IEEE.

  • El-sayed, H. S., El-Zoghdy, S. F., & Faragallah, O. S. (2016). Adaptive difference expansion-based reversible data hiding scheme for digital images. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 41(3), 1091–1107.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Fadoua, S., & Hamid, T. (2020). Medical Video Watermarking Scheme for Telemedicine Applications. In 2020 1st International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.

  • Fridrich, J., Goljan, M., Chen, Q., & Pathak, V. (2004). Lossless data embedding with file size preservation. In Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VI (Vol. 5306, pp. 354–365). International Society for Optics and Photonics.

  • Fridrich, J., Goljan, M., & Du, R. (2002). Lossless data embedding—new paradigm in digital watermarking. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2002(2), 986842.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Fridrich, J., Goljan, M., & Du, R. (2002). Lossless data embedding for all image formats. In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IV (Vol. 4675, pp. 572–583). International Society for Optics and Photonics.

  • Fujiyoshi, M. (2012). A histogram shifting-based blind reversible data hiding method with a histogram peak estimator. In 2012 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT) (pp. 313–318). IEEE.

  • Gao, G., Zhou, C., & Cui, Z. (2015). Reversible watermarking using prediction-error expansion and extreme learning machine. Mathematical Problems in Engineering.

  • Gao, X., An, L., Li, X., & Tao, D. (2009). Reversibility improved lossless data hiding. Signal Processing, 89(10), 2053–2065.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, X., An, L., Yuan, Y., Tao, D., & Li, X. (2011). Lossless data embedding using generalized statistical quantity histogram. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 21(8), 1061–1070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Hernandez, J. J. (2012). Exploring reversible digital watermarking in audio signals using additive interpolation-error expansion. In 2012 Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (pp. 142–145). IEEE.

  • Goljan, M., Fridrich, J. J., & Du, R. (2001). Distortion-free data embedding for images. In International Workshop on Information Hiding (pp. 27–41). Berlin: Springer.

  • Gujjunoori, S., & Oruganti, M. (2019). Difference expansion based reversible data embedding and edge detection. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 78(18), 25889–25917.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S., Raju Baraskar, D., & Agrawal, S. (2019). A survey on reversible watermarking techniques for image security.

  • He, C., Asharif, M. R., Khosravy, C. E. G. M., Yamashita, K., & Chen, R. (2013). A new robust image watermarking algorithm based on DWT-SVD and Arnold scrambling. ICIC International.

  • Hong, W., Chen, J., & Chen, T.-S. (2009). Blockwise reversible data hiding by contrast mapping. Information Technology Journal, 8, 1287–1291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, L. C., Tseng, L. Y., & Hwang, M. S. (2013). A reversible data hiding method by histogram shifting in high quality medical images. Journal of Systems and Software, 86(3), 716–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, A., & Bhatnagar, V. (2017). Concoction of ambient intelligence and big data for better patient ministration services. International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence (IJACI), 8(4), 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, H. L., Fujiyoshi, M., & Kiya, H. (2007). Lossless data hiding in the spatial domain for high quality images. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, 90(4), 771–777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamstra, L., & Heijmans, H. J. (2005). Reversible data embedding into images using wavelet techniques and sorting. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 14(12), 2082–2090.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Kanphade, R. D., & Narawade, N. S. (2012). Reversible watermarking using double reversible contrast mapping method. IUP Journal of Telecommunications, 4(2), 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, P., Gupta, S., Dhingra, S., Sharma, S., & Arora, A. (2020). Towards content-dependent social media platform preference analysis. International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence (IJACI), 11(2), 30–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, A., & Malik, S. A. (2014). A high capacity reversible watermarking approach for authenticating images: Exploiting down-sampling, histogram processing, and block selection. Information Sciences, 256, 162–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, A., Siddiqa, A., Munib, S., & Malik, S. A. (2014). A recent survey of reversible watermarking techniques. Information sciences, 279, 251–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khosravy, M., Gupta, N., Marina, N., Sethi, I. K., & Asharif, M. R. (2017). Perceptual adaptation of image based on Chevreul-Mach bands visual phenomenon. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 24(5), 594–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K. S., Lee, M. J., Lee, H. Y., & Lee, H. K. (2009). Reversible data hiding exploiting spatial correlation between sub-sampled images. Pattern Recognition, 42(11), 3083–3096.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ko, L. T., Chen, J. E., Shieh, Y. S., Hsin, H. C., & Sung, T. Y. (2012). Nested quantization index modulation for reversible watermarking and its application to healthcare information management systems. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.

  • Kumar, A., Cheruku, D. R., & Chanamallu, S. R. (2016). Digital watermarking approach based on edge based sorted pixel value difference (ESPVD). Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(S1).

  • Kumar, N. A., Haribabu, M., & Bindu, H. (2014). Novel image watermarking algorithm with DWT-SVD. International Journal of Computer Applications, 106(1), 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. F., Shen, J. J., & Lai, Y. H. (2018). Data hiding using multi-pixel difference expansion. In 2018 3rd International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS) (pp. 56–60). IEEE.

  • Lee, C. F., Shen, J. J., Wu, Y. J., & Agrawal, S. (2019). Reversible data hiding scheme based on difference expansion using shiftable block strategy for enhancing image fidelity. In 2019 IEEE 10th International Conference on Awareness Science and Technology (iCAST) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.

  • Lee, J. D., Chiou, Y. H., & Guo, J. M. (2010). Reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of SMVQ indices. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 5(4), 638–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S., Yoo, C. D., & Kalker, T. (2007). Reversible image watermarking based on integer-to-integer wavelet transform. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2(3), 321–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Li, J., Li, B., & Yang, B. (2013). High-fidelity reversible data hiding scheme based on pixel-value-ordering and prediction-error expansion. Signal Processing, 93(1), 198–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. C., Tai, W. L., & Chang, C. C. (2008). Multilevel reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of difference images. Pattern Recognition, 41(12), 3582–3591.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, T. C., & Huang, Y. H. (2008). The distortion control method of reversible contrast mapping hiding scheme. In 2008 International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (pp. 1133–1136). IEEE.

  • Luo, L., Chen, Z., Chen, M., Zeng, X., & Xiong, Z. (2009). Reversible image watermarking using interpolation technique. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 5(1), 187–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y., Peng, F., Li, X., & Yang, B. (2011). Reversible image water marking based on prediction-error expansion and compensation. In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (pp. 1–6). IEEE.

  • Maiti, D., Maity, S. P., & Maity, H. (2012). Modification in contrast mapping: Reversible watermarking with performance improvement. In 2012 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (SPCOM) (pp. 1–5). IEEE.

  • Maity, H. K., Maity, S. P., & Delpha, C. (2013). A modified RCM for reversible watermarking with FPGA implementation. In European Workshop on Visual Information Processing (EUVIP) (pp. 100–105). IEEE.

  • Maniriho, P., & Ahmad, T. (2018). Enhancing the capability of data hiding method based on reduced difference expansion. Engineering Letters, 26(1), 45–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniriho, P., & Ahmad, T. (2019). Information hiding scheme for digital images using difference expansion and modulus function. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 31(3), 335–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Memon, N. A., Khan, A., Gilani, S. A. M., & Ahmad, M. (2011). Reversible watermarking method based on adaptive thresholding and companding technique. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 88(8), 1573–1594.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Mesjasz-Lech, A. (2018). Evolution of e-sales as a form of e-entrepreneurship in Poland: An analysis of opportunities and threats. International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence (IJACI), 9(2), 43–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, S., & Jana, B. (2019). A novel method for high capacity reversible data hiding scheme using difference expansion. International Journal of Natural Computing Research (IJNCR), 8(4), 13–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naheed, T., & Usman, I. (2012). Intelligent reversible digital watermarking technique using interpolation errors. In 2012 11th International Conference on Information Science, Signal Processing and their Applications (ISSPA) (pp. 1062–1067). IEEE.

  • Naheed, T., Usman, I., & Dar, A. (2011). Lossless data hiding using optimized interpolation error expansion. In 2011 Frontiers of Information Technology (pp. 281–286). IEEE.

  • Natarajan, V. (2016). Hybrid local prediction error-based difference expansion reversible watermarking for medical images. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 53, 333–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ni, Z., Shi, Y. Q., Ansari, N., & Su, W. (2006). Reversible data hiding. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 16(3), 354–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ni, Z., Shi, Y. Q., Ansari, N., Su, W., Sun, Q., & Lin, X. (2008). Robust lossless image data hiding designed for semi-fragile image authentication. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 18(4), 497–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ntahobari, M., & Ahmad, T. (2018). Protecting data by improving quality of stego image based on enhanced reduced difference expansion. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8(4), 2468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odella, F. (2016). Technology studies and the sociological debate on monitoring of social interactions. International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence (IJACI), 7(1), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ou, B., Zhao, Y., Ni, R., & Cao, G. (2010). A high payload histogram-based reversible wartermarking using linear prediction. In 2010 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (pp. 446–449). IEEE.

  • Parasuraman, K., & Deeparani, G. (2014). Reversible image watermarking using interpolation technique. In 2014 International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Computational Engineering (ICECCE) (pp. 200–205). IEEE.

  • Perwej, Y., Parwej, F., & Perwej, A. (2012). An Adaptive Watermarking Technique for the copyright of digital images and Digital Image Protection. arXiv preprint arXiv:1205.2800.

  • Quinn, D., Chen, L., & Mulvenna, M. (2012). Social network analysis: A survey. International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence (IJACI), 4(3), 46–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, S. S., Basu, A., Chattopadhyay, A., & Das, T. S. (2020). Implementation of image copyright protection tool using hardware-software co-simulation. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1–15.

  • Saberian, M. J., Akhaee, M. A., & Marvasti, F. (2008). An invertible quantization based watermarking approach. In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (pp. 1677–1680). IEEE.

  • Sachnev, V., Kim, H. J., Nam, J., Suresh, S., & Shi, Y. Q. (2009). Reversible watermarking algorithm using sorting and prediction. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 19(7), 989–999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sachnev, V., Kim, H. J., Suresh, S., & Shi, Y. Q. (2011). Reversible watermarking algorithm with distortion compensation. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2010, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samee, R., Riaz, M. M., & Ghafoor, A. (2018). Adaptive interpolation and segmentation based reversible image watermarking. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 77(20), 26821–26843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sedaaghi, M. H., Daj, R., & Khosravi, M. (2001). Mediated morphological filters. In Proceedings 2001 international conference on image processing (Cat. No. 01CH37205) (Vol. 3, pp. 692–695). IEEE.

  • Sekhar, V. M., & Kumar, C. S. (2019). Laplacian: Reversible data hiding technique. In 2019 Fifth International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP) (pp. 546–551). IEEE.

  • Shin, S. Y., Yoo, H. M., Ko, Y. H., Kang, H. S., & Suh, J. W. (2012). Reversible watermarking without underflow and overflow problems. In 2012 IEEE 55th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) (pp. 980–983). IEEE.

  • Singh, N., Jain, M., & Sharma, S. (2013). A survey of digital watermarking techniques. International Journal of Modern Communication Technologies and Research, 1(6), 265852.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, O. P., Singh, A. K., Srivastava, G., & Kumar, N. (2020). Image watermarking using soft computing techniques: A comprehensive survey. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1–32.

  • Srinivasan, R. (2017). Survey of digital video watermarking techniques and its applications. Engineering Science, 1(1), 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunesh, Kishore, R. R., & Saini, A. (2020). Optimized image watermarking with artificial neural networks and histogram shape. Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences, 1–18.

  • Syahlan, Z., & Ahmad, T. (2019). Reversible data hiding method by extending reduced difference expansion. International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics, 5(2), 101–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tai, W. L., Yeh, C. M., & Chang, C. C. (2009). Reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of pixel differences. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 19(6), 906–910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, Y., & Qin, J. (2020). A reversible water marking algorithm for multimedia images using two-dimensional non-causal prediction and ESPVD. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79(3), 1625–1640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thanki, R., & Borra, S. (2019). Fragile watermarking for copyright authentication and tamper detection of medical images using compressive sensing (CS) based encryption and contourlet domain processing. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 78(10), 13905–13924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thanki, R. M., Borra, S., & Borisagar, K. R. (2018). A hybrid watermarking technique for copyright protection of medical signals in teleradiology. In Handbook of research on information security in biomedical signal processing (pp. 320–349). IGI Global.

  • Thanki, R., Borra, S., Dwivedi, V., & Borisagar, K. (2017). An efficient medical image watermarking scheme based on FDCuT–DCT. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 20(4), 1366–1379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thanki, R., Borra, S., Dwivedi, V., & Borisagar, K. (2017). A RONI based visible watermarking approach for medical image authentication. Journal of Medical Systems, 41(9), 143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thanki, R., Borra, S., Dwivedi, V., & Borisagar, K. (2017). A steganographic approach for secure communication of medical images based on the DCT-SVD and the compressed sensing (CS) theory. The Imaging Science Journal, 65(8), 457–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thanki, R., Borra, S., & Trivedi, D. (2019). Security of biometric and biomedical images using sparse domain based watermarking technique. In Handbook of Multimedia Information Security: Techniques and Applications (pp. 209–232). Cham: Springer.

  • Thodi, D. M., & Rodríguez, J. J. (2004). Reversible watermarking by prediction-error expansion. In 6th IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation, 2004. (pp. 21–25). IEEE.

  • Thodi, D. M., & Rodriguez, J. J. (2004). Prediction-error based reversible watermarking. In 2004 International Conference on Image Processing, 2004. ICIP'04. (Vol. 3, pp. 1549–1552). IEEE.

  • Thodi, D. M., & Rodríguez, J. J. (2007). Expansion embedding techniques for reversible watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 16(3), 721–730.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Tian, J. (2003). Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 13(8), 890–896.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, P., Hu, Y. C., & Yeh, H. L. (2009). Reversible image hiding scheme using predictive coding and histogram shifting. Signal Processing, 89(6), 1129–1143.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, Y. Y., Tsai, D. S., & Liu, C. L. (2013). Reversible data hiding scheme based on neighboring pixel differences. Digital Signal Processing, 23(3), 919–927.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Tudoroiu, A., Caciula, I., & Coltuc, D. (2011). Block map implementation of difference expansion reversible watermarking. In ISSCS 2011-International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (pp. 1–4). IEEE.

  • Vukotić, V., Chappelier, V., & Furon, T. (2020). Are classification deep neural networks good for blind image watermarking? Entropy, 22(2), 198.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W. (2020). A reversible data hiding algorithm based on bidirectional difference expansion. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79(9), 5965–5988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X. T., Chang, C. C., Nguyen, T. S., & Li, M. C. (2013). Reversible data hiding for high quality images exploiting interpolation and direction order mechanism. Digital Signal Processing, 23(2), 569–577.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., Wu, J., & Niu, P. (2007). A new digital image watermarking algorithm resilient to desynchronization attacks. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and security, 2(4), 655–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z. H., Lee, C. F., & Chang, C. Y. (2013). Histogram-shifting-imitated reversible data hiding. Journal of Systems and Software, 86(2), 315–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weng, S., Pan, J. S., & Zhou, L. (2017). Reversible data hiding based on the local smoothness estimator and optional embedding strategy in four prediction modes. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76(11), 13173–13195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, H. T., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., & You, J. (2012). Reversible image watermarking by rhombus prediction and histogram modification. In 2012 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (pp. 165–169). IEEE.

  • Wu, H. T., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., & You, J. (2012). Reversible image watermarking by rhombus prediction and histogram modification. In 2012 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (pp. 165–169). IEEE.

  • Xiang, S., & Li, Z. (2017). Reversible audio data hiding algorithm using noncausal prediction of alterable orders. EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing, 2017(1), 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, S., Yang, L., & Wang, Y. (2017). Robust and reversible audio watermarking by modifying statistical features in time domain. Advances in Multimedia.

  • Xiong, X. (2016). A Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Using Image Interpolation. In International Conference on Communication and Electronic Information Engineering (CEIE 2016). Atlantis Press.

  • Xuan, G., Yang, C., Zhen, Y., Shi, Y. Q., & Ni, Z. (2004). Reversible data hiding using integer wavelet transform and companding technique. In International Workshop on Digital Watermarking (pp. 115–124). Berlin: Springer.

  • Xuan, G., Yang, C., Zhen, Y., Shi, Y. Q., & Ni, Z. (2004). Reversible data hiding based on wavelet spread spectrum. In IEEE 6th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2004. (pp. 211–214). IEEE.

  • Yan, D., & Wang, R. (2008). Reversible data hiding for audio based on prediction error expansion. In 2008 International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (pp. 249–252). IEEE.

  • Yang, B., Schmucker, M., Funk, W., Busch, C., & Sun, S. (2004). Integer DCT-based reversible watermarking for images using companding technique. In Security, steganography, and watermarking of multimedia contents VI (Vol. 5306, pp. 405–415). International Society for Optics and Photonics.

  • Yang, X., & Jiang, X. (2020). A hybrid active contour model based on new edge-stop functions for image segmentation. International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence (IJACI), 11(1), 87–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z., Wu, L., Yan, Y., Xiao, S., & Sun, H. (2017). An improved reversible image watermarking algorithm based on difference expansion. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 13(1), 1550147716686577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z., Zhang, M., & Wang, L. (2020). Reversible image watermarking algorithm based on quadratic difference expansion. Mathematical Problems in Engineering.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of ECE, Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) Research Center, K.S. Institute of Technology, Bangalore, 560109, India

    H. R. Lakshmi

  2. Department of ECE, K. S. Institute of Technology, Bangalore, 560109, India

    Surekha Borra

Authors
  1. H. R. Lakshmi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Surekha Borra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. R. Lakshmi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declares that they have no conflict of interest.

Research involving human and animal rights

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lakshmi, H.R., Borra, S. Difference expansion based reversible watermarking algorithms for copyright protection of images: state-of-the-art and challenges. Int J Speech Technol 24, 823–852 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10772-021-09818-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10772-021-09818-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation