Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Impact of Offloading on the Efficiency of Wireless Access Networks

  • Published:
International Journal of Wireless Information Networks Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Wireless access networks need to deliver a satisfactory level of Quality of Service (QoS) to their subscribers. The service quality can be measured through various metrics, for example the mean packet delay, average throughput, the jitter and bandwidth. Based on the type of network application, one or the other can be more important. Mobile data offloading has a crucial effect on the efficiency of wireless access networks. Offloading decreases the load on mobile networks (LTE) which frees the band to other users and consequently improves the QoS level. Also data offloading reduces the cost of the downloaded information. In this paper we assess the impact of data offloading on the efficiency of wireless access networks. We employ two popular scheduler algorithms to measure the effect of resource allocation among users. In particular, an analytical model for mixed LTE and WiFi access networks is developed. The model takes into account the role and the effect of various application demands. The model evaluates the wireless access networks behavior when some portions of network service zones are tenanted by different application types. Using the real network simulation NS3, the network performance metrics (the average throughput, delay and packet loss) are investigated to evaluate the network performance under diverse traffic loads.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. 3GPP, Architecture enhancements for non-3gpp accesses. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France. http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/23402.htm, 2015.

  2. H. Ahmed, K. Jagannathan and S. Bhashyam, Queue-aware optimal resource allocation for the lte downlink with best m subband feedback, IEEE Trans. Wireless Communication, Vol. 14, No. 9, pp. 4923–4933, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Aijaz, H. Aghvami and M. Amani, A survey on mobile data offloading: technical and business perspectives, IEEE Wireless Commun., Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 104–112, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. At A., ns-3 documentation. http://www.nsnam.org/doxygen/index.html.

  5. B. Baynat, R. M. Indre, N. Nya, P. Olivier, A Simonian, Impact of mobility in dense lte-a networks with small cells. 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 1–5, 2015.

  6. N Bouchemal, N Izri, S Tohme, Mac-lte scheduler modeling and performance evaluation in lte network. In: Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communication (PIMRC), 2014 IEEE 25th Annual International Symposium on, pp. 1007–1012. IEEE (2014)

  7. Z. Chen, S. Cheng, Computation offloading algorithms in mobile edge computing system: a survey. In: International Conference of Pioneering Computer Scientists, Engineers and Educators, pp. 217–225. Springer, 2019.

  8. R. Combes, Z. Altman, E. Altman, Self-organizing relays in lte networks: queuing analysis and algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Network and Services Management, pp. 99–106. International Federation for Information Processing, 2011.

  9. D. Dababneh, M. St-Hilaire and C. Makaya, Data and control plane traffic modelling for lte networks, Mobile Networks and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 449–458, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Dimatteo, P. Hui, B. Han, V.O. Li, Cellular traffic offloading through wifi networks. In: Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), 2011 IEEE 8th International Conference on, pp. 192–201. IEEE, 2011.

  11. M. O. Farooq, C. J. Sreenan, K.N. Brown, Research challenges in 5g networks: a hetnets perspective. In: 19th International Conference on Innovations in Clouds, Internet and Networks (ICIN 2016). IFIP Open Digital Library, 2016.

  12. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, G.: Technical specification group radio access network: evolved universal terrestrial radio access (e- utra): User equipment (ue) radio transmission and reception. Tech. rep., TS 36.101 v8.17.0 Release 8, http://www.3gpp.org, 2008.

  13. A. Gupta and R. K. Jha, A survey of 5g network: architecture and emerging technologies, IEEE access, Vol. 3, pp. 1206–1232, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. F. Hantera, F. Digham, H. Tawfik, Lte-wifi offloading with realistic attributes. In: 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 1–6. IEEE, 2019.

  15. L. Hu, C. Coletti, N. Huan, I. Z. Kovács, B. Vejlgaard, R. Irmer, N. Scully, Realistic indoor wi-fi and femto deployment study as the offloading solution to lte macro networks. In: Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall), 2012 IEEE, pp. 1–6. IEEE, 2012.

  16. W. Ke, L. Xi, J. Hong, et al., Traffic-based queue-aware scheduling for 3g pp lte system, The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 63–68, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. M. A. Khan, S. Leng, W. Xiang, K. Yang, Architecture of heterogeneous wireless access networks: a short survey. In: TENCON 2015-2015 IEEE Region 10 Conference, pp. 1–6. IEEE, 2015.

  18. L. Kuang, T. Gong, S. OuYang, H. Gao, S. Deng, Offloading decision methods for multiple users with structured tasks in edge computing for smart cities. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2020.

  19. M. Lacage, M. H. Manshaei, T. Turletti, Ieee 802.11 rate adaptation: a practical approach. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems, pp. 126–134. ACM, 2004.

  20. K. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Yi, I. Rhee, S. Chong, Mobile data offloading: how much can wifi deliver? In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference, p. 26. ACM, 2010.

  21. X. Li, U. Toseef, T. Weerawardane, W. Bigos, D. Dulas, C. Goerg, A. Timm-Giel, A. Klug, Dimensioning of the lte access transport network for elastic internet traffic. In: Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), 2010 IEEE 6th International Conference on, pp. 346–354. IEEE, 2010.

  22. X. Li, U. Toseef, T. Weerawardane, W. Bigos, D. Dulas, C. Goerg, A. Timm-Giel, A. Klug, Dimensioning of the lte s1 interface. In: Wireless and mobile networking conference (WMNC), 2010 Third Joint IFIP, pp. 1–6. IEEE, 2010.

  23. K. Lindberger, Balancing quality of service, pricing and utilization in multiservice networks with stream and elastic traffic, Proc. ITC, Vol. 16, p. 1999, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  24. L. Lipsky, Queueing theory: a linear algebraic approach, 2nd ed. Springer Science & Business Media, 2008.

  25. R. Musabe and H. Larijani, Low complexity cross-layer scheduling and resource allocation for voip in 3g lte, International Journal on Advances in Telecommunications, Vol. 6, No. 1 & 2, p. 2013, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  26. R. Núnez-Queija, Processor-sharing models for integrated-services networks. Ph.D. thesis, PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, 2000.

  27. N. Nya, B. Baynat, A ps queue model for lte macrocells taking into account mobility of users. In: Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Wireless of the Students, by the Students, & for the Students, pp. 44–46. ACM, 2015.

  28. K. O. Olasupo, I. Kostanic and T. O. Olasupo, Analytical modeling of lte-based network capacity for public safety communications, Universal Journal of Communications and Network, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 37–46, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. M. Olsson, P. Bleckert, M. Buchmayer, A. Norefors, J. Vikberg, Access network discovery and selection function, andsf, node distributing closed subscriber group, csg, information. US Patent 8,437,743, 2013.

  30. N. Panwar, S. Sharma and A. K. Singh, A survey on 5g: The next generation of mobile communication, Physical Communication, Vol. 18, pp. 64–84, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. M. H. Qutqut, F. M. Al-Turjman, H. S. Hassanein, Hof: a history-based offloading framework for lte networks using mobile small cells and wi-fi. In: Local Computer Networks Workshops (LCN Workshops), 2013 IEEE 38th Conference on, pp. 77–83. IEEE (2013)

  32. K. Samouylov, E. Sopin, O. Vikhrova, Analyzing blocking probability in lte wireless network via queuing system with finite amount of resources. In: International Conference on Information Technologies and Mathematical Modelling, pp. 393–403. Springer, 2015.

  33. B. Sas, E. Bernal-Mor, K. Spaey, V. Pla, C. Blondia, J. Martinez-Bauset, An analytical model to study the impact of time-varying cell capacity in lte networks. In: Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2011 4th Joint IFIP, pp. 1–8. IEEE, 2011.

  34. H. P. Schwefel, L. Lipsky, Performance results for analytic models of traffic in telecommunication systems, based on multiple ON-OFF sources with self-similar behavior. Teletraffic science and engineering pp. 55–65, 1999.

  35. S. Sen, C. Joe-Wong, S. Ha, J. Bawa, M. Chiang, When the price is right: enabling time-dependent pricing of broadband data. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 2477–2486. ACM, 2013.

  36. A. Serrador, L. M. Correia, A model to evaluate vertical handovers on jrrm. In: Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 2010 IEEE 21st International Symposium on, pp. 2151–2155. IEEE, 2010.

  37. M. Sheng, Y. Wang, X. Wang, J. Li, Energy-efficient multiuser partial computation offloading with collaboration of terminals, radio access network, and edge server. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2019.

  38. A. Tolli, P. Hakalin, H. Holma, Performance evaluation of common radio resource management (crrm). In: ICC 2002. IEEE International Conference on Communications, vol. 5, pp. 3429–3433. IEEE, 2002.

  39. T. Tsang, Performance analysis for lte networks with markov decision process. Cyber Journals: Multidisciplinary Journals in Science and Technology, Journal of Selected Areas in Telecommunications, Vol. 3, No. 8, 2013.

  40. C. X. Wang, F. Haider, X. Gao, X. H. You, Y. Yang, D. Yuan, H. Aggoune, H. Haas, S. Fletcher and E. Hepsaydir, Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5g wireless communication networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 122–130, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. G. Wunder and C. Zhou, Queueing analysis for the ofdma downlink: throughput regions, delay and exponential backlog bounds, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 871–881, 2009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Y. Zaki, T. Weerawardane, X. Li, C. Görg, Lte radio schedulers analytical modeling using continuous time markov chains. In: Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2013 6th Joint IFIP, pp. 1–10. IEEE, 2013.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adel Agamy.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Agamy, A., Mohamed, A.M. Impact of Offloading on the Efficiency of Wireless Access Networks. Int J Wireless Inf Networks 28, 134–146 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-020-00498-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-020-00498-0

Keywords