Abstract
In this era of IoT, due to the fast Advancements in sensor technology and the availability of low-cost hardware, the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) has emerged. WMSNs are composed of resource constrained wireless nodes through which both the scalar data and multimedia data (i.e., audio, still images, and video) can be sensed and acquired from the environment. However, the resource constrained nature of multimedia sensing devices has made the WMSNs to face several challenges. To tackle these challenges, different authors developed different methods. In this paper, we have surveyed all such kind of methods. Initially we study about the basic architecture of multimedia senor node followed by characteristics and applications of WMSNs. Following that, we did a comprehensive survey of various methodologies, which we divided into three categories. Under the segregation, we have considered different aspects and segregated as Data Security, QoS Aware methods, and Energy Aware methods.

Similar content being viewed by others
References
I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam and E. Cayirci, Wireless sensor networks: a survey, Computer Networks, Vol. 38, pp. 393–422, 2002.
R. Min, M. Bhardwaj, S. H. Cho, E. Shih, A. Sinha, A. Wang, A. Chandrakasan, E.S.A. Sinha. Low-power wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of 14th International Conference on VLSI Design (VLSI Design 2001), Bangalore, India, 3–7 January 2001, pp. 205–210.
J. N. Al-karaki and A. E. Kamal, Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey, IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 11, pp. 6–28, 2004.
K. Akkaya and M. A. Younis, A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks, Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 3, pp. 325–349, 2005.
I. F. Akyildiz, T. Melodia and K. R. Chowdhury, A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks, Computer Networks, Vol. 51, pp. 921–960, 2007.
I. F. Akyildiz, T. Melodia and K. R. Chowdhury, Wireless multimedia sensor networks: applications and test beds, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 96, No. 10, pp. 1588, 2008.
B. Girod, A. Aaron, S. Rane and D. Rebollo-Monedero, Distributed video coding, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 93, pp. 71–83, 2005.
R. Holman, J. Stanley and T. Ozkan-Haller, Applying video sensor networks to near-shore environment monitoring, Pervasive Computing, Vol. 2, pp. 14–21, 2003.
A. A. Reeves. B Remote monitoring of patients suffering from early symptoms of dementia. In Proceedings of the International Workshop Wearable Implantable Body Sensor Networks, London, 2005.
F. Hu and S. Kumar, B, Multimedia query with QoS considerations for wireless sensor networks in telemedicine. In Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers-International Conference on Internet Multimedia Management Systems, Orlando, FL, 2003.
J. Campbell, P. B. Gibbons, S. Nath, P. Pillai, S. Seshan, and R. Sukthankar. BIrisNet: An internet-scale architecture for multimedia sensors. In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia Conference, 2005.
P. L. Dragotti and M. Gastpar, Distributed Source Coding: Theory, Algorithms and Applications, Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, 2009.
M. Nikzad, B. Ali and K. Jamshidi, Video quality analysis of distributed video coding in wireless multimedia sensor networks, J. Information Technology and Computer Science, Vol. 01, pp. 12–20, 2015.
P. Wang, R. Dai and I. F. Akyildiz, A spatial correlation-based image compression framework for wireless multimedia sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 13, pp. 388–401, 2011.
W. Liu, K. R. Vijayanagar and J. Kim, Low-complexity distributed multiple description coding for wireless video sensor networks, IET Wireless Sensor Systems, Vol. 3, pp. 205–215, 2013.
X. Liu, K. Zhao, X. Zhou, and H. Huang. The study of Wyner-Ziv image compression algorithm using in WMSNs. In International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing, Shenzhen, China, 2010.
H. Yang, L. Qing, X. He and X. Ou, Robust distributed video coding for wireless multimedia sensor networks, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 4453, 2017.
Q. Xu, V. Stankovic and Z. Xiong, Layered Wyner-Ziv video coding for transmission over unreliable channels, Proceedings of SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 86, No. 11, pp. 3212–3225, 2006.
X. Zhu, Y. Liu and L. Zhang, Distributed joint source-channel coding in wireless sensor networks, Sensors, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 4901–4917, 2009.
B. Furht (ed.), Encyclopedia of Multimedia, 2 edn,Springer, New York, NY, 2008.
Y. Wu, E.Y. Chang, K.C.C. Chang, J. R. Simith. Optimal multimodal fusion for multimedia data analysis. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia, New York, NY, pp. 572–579, 2004.
S. A. Sert, A. Yazici, and A. Cosar. Data fusion and processing in wireless multimedia sensor networks: an analysis for surveillance applications. In 22nd Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU), Trabzon, Turkey, 2014. (“Prof.Dr. AHMET COŞAR | AVESİS”).
S. H. Ou, C. H. Lee, S. Somayazulu, Y. K. Chen and S. Y. Chien, On-line multi-view video summarization for wireless video sensor network, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, Vol. 9, pp. 165–179, 2015.
T. Jbeily, I. Hatem, M. Alkubeily and Y. Challal, Simple On-Line Single-View Video Summarization for Machine-to-Machine Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network, Springer, Berlin, 2019.
M. Koyuncu, et al., Visual and auditory data fusion for energy-efficient and improved object recognition in wireless multimedia sensor networks, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 1839, 2019.
A. Yazici, M. Koyuncu, S. A. Sert and T. Yilmaz, A fusion-based framework for wireless multimedia sensor networks in surveillance applications, IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp. 88418–88434, 2019.
R Gao, Y Wen, and H Zhao. A novel data fusion method in wireless multimedia sensor networks. In IEEE European Modelling Symposium, 2015.
Y. Fu, Y. Guo, Y. Zhu, F. Liu, C. Song and Z.-H. Zhou, Multi view video summarization, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 717–729, 2010.
S. Colonnese, F. Cuomo and T. Melodia, An empirical model of multi-view video coding efficiency for wireless multimedia sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 1800, 2013.
R. Dai and I. F. Akyildiz, A spatial correlation model for visual information in wireless multimedia sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 1148–1159, 2009.
S. Colonnese, F. Cuomo, and T. Melodia. Leveraging multi-view video coding in clustered multimedia sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom, pp. 1–6, 2012.
M. A. Mahmood, W. K. Seah and I. Welch, Reliability in wireless sensor networks: a survey and challenges ahead, Computer Networks, Vol. 76, pp. 166–187, 2015.
J. K. Sundararajan, D. Shah, M. Médard, S. Jakubczak, M. Mitzenmacher and J. Barros, Network coding meets TCP: theory and implementation, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 99, pp. 490–512, 2011.
M. Y. Naderi, H. R. Rabiee, M. Khansari and M. Salehi, Error control for multimedia communications in wireless sensor networks: a comparative performance analysis, Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 10, pp. 1028–1042, 2012.
M. Chen, V. C. M. Leung, S. Mao and Y. Yuan, Directional geographical routing for real-time video communications in wireless sensor networks, Computer Communications, Vol. 30, No. 17, pp. 3368–3383, 2007.
Y. Wang and A. Katsaggelos, Error resilient video coding techniques, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 61–82, 2000.
R. Mohammadi and A. Gaffari, Optimizing reliability through network coding in wireless multimedia sensor networks, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 9, pp. 834, 2015.
P. Chau, J. Shin and J. (Paul) Jeong, Distributed systematic network coding for reliable content uploading in wireless multimedia sensor networks, Sensors, Vol. 2018, pp. 18, 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061824.
B. Sarvi, H. R. Rabiee and K. Mizanian, An adaptive cross-layer error control protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks, Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 56, pp. 173–185, 2017.
R. Jian, Y. Chen, Z. Liu, et al., Energy-efficiency optimization for multi-user multi-stream massive MIMO hybrid precoding, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Vol. 28, pp. 319–331, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-021-00524-9.
S. Borade, B. Nakiboğlu, L. Zheng. Unequal error protection: an information theoretic perspective. https://arXiv.org/0803.2570v4. Accessed 25 Oct 2009.
M. M. A. Pritom, S. Sarker, M. A. Razzaque, M. M. Hassan, M. A. Hossain and A. A. Alelaiwi, Multi-constrained QoS aware MAC protocol for cluster-based cognitive radio sensor networks, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, Vol. 11, pp. 262871, 2015.
A. A. Mahamune and M. M. Chandane, An efficient trust-based routing scheme against malicious communication in MANET, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Vol. 28, pp. 344–361, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-021-00523-w.
T. AlSkaif, B. Bellalta, M. G. Zapata and J. M. B. Ordinas, Energy efficiency of MAC protocols in low data rate wireless multimedia sensor networks: a comparative study, Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 56, pp. 141–157, 2017.
N. Saxena, A. Roy and J. Shin, Dynamic duty cycle and adaptive contention window based QoS-MAC protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks, Computer Networks, Vol. 52, No. 13, pp. 2532–2542, 2008.
M. A. Yigitel, O. D. Incel and C. Ersoy, Design and implementation of a QoS aware MAC protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks, Computer Communications, Vol. 34, pp. 1991–2001, 2011.
O. Farrag, M. Younis, W. D'Amico. MAC Support for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. In IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Honolulu, HI, 2009.
L. Wei and Z. Longmei, A novel multi-channel MAC protocol for cluster based wireless multimedia sensor networks, Physics Procedia, Vol. 25, pp. 2203–2210, 2012.
M. L. Fredman and D. E. Willard, Trans-dichotomous algorithms for minimum spanning trees and shortest paths, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 533–551, 1994.
C. Li, P. Wang, H. H. Chen, and M. Guizani. A cluster based on-demand multi-channel MAC protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2008, Beijing, China.
Y. Ozen and C. Bayilmis, urgMAC: a new traffic and QoS-aware cross-layer MAC protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks, The Computer Journal, Vol. 61, No. 10, pp. 1460–1467, 2018.
C. B. Margi, V. Petkov, K. Obraczka, R. Manduchi. Characterizing energy consumption in a visual sensor network testbed. In TRIDENTCOM 2006, Barcelona, Spain, 2006.
S. Soro and W. Heinzelman, A survey of visual sensor networks, Advances in Multimedia., 2009. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/640386.
A. Pinto, Z. Zhang, X. Dong, S. Velipasalar, M. C. Vuran, M. C. Gursoy. Energy consumption and latency analysis for wireless multimedia sensor networks. In GLOBECOM 2010, Miami, FL, pp. 1–5, 2010.
C. Yeo and K. Ramchandran, Robust distributed multi-view video compression for wireless camera networks, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 19, pp. 995–1008, 2010.
Q. Lu, W. Luo, J. Wang and B. Chen, Low-complexity and energy efficient image compression scheme for wireless sensor networks, Computer Networks, Vol. 52, pp. 2594–2603, 2008.
M. Wu and C. W. Chen, Collaborative image coding and transmission over wireless sensor networks, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Vol. 2007, pp. 1–9, 2007.
W. Wang, D. Peng, H. Wang, H. Sharif and H. H. Chen, Energy constrained distortion reduction optimization for wavelet based coded image transmission in wireless sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 10, pp. 1169–1180, 2008.
O. Alaoui-Fdili, Y. Fakhri, P. Corlay, F.-X. Coudoux, D. Aboutajdine. Energy consumption analysis and modelling of a H.264/AVC intra-only based encoder dedicated to WVSNS. In ICIP 2014, pp. 1189–1193.
J. Zou, H. Xiong, C. Li, R. Zhang and Z. He, Lifetime and distortion optimization with joint source/channel rate adaptation and network coding-based error control in wireless video sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 60, pp. 1182–1194, 2011.
N. Khernane, J. Couchot, A. Mostefaoui. Joint Routing/encoding-power for network lifetime maximization in WVSN. In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Apr 2018, Barcelona, Spain. ffhal-02382617.
A. Hassan, A. Anter and M. Kayed, A survey on extending the lifetime for wireless sensor networks in real-time applications, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Vol. 28, pp. 77–103, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-020-00502-7.
M. E. Ekpenyong, D. E. Asuquo and I. J. Umoren, Evolutionary optimisation of energy-efficient communication in wireless sensor networks, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Vol. 26, pp. 344–366, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-019-00450-x.
P. Spachos, D. Toumpakaris, and D. Hatzinakos, QoS and energy-aware dynamic routing in wireless multimedia sensor networks. In ICC, London, UK, pp. 6935–6940, 2015.
S. Aswale and V. R. Gorpade, LEQAR: link quality and energy aware routing for wireless multimedia sensor networks, Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 97, pp. 1291–1304, 2017.
S. Aswale, and V. R Gorpade, Reliable and energy-aware routing in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network. In International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), 2017.
L. Shu, Y. Zhang, Z. Yu, L. T. Yang, M. Hauswirth and N. Xiong, Context-aware cross-layer optimized video streaming in wireless multimedia sensor networks, The Journal of Supercomputing, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 94–121, 2010.
I. Bennis, O. Zytoune, D. Aboutajdine, and H. Fouchal, Low energy geographical routing protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks." (“LQEAR: Link Quality and Energy-Aware Routing for Wireless ...”). In Proceedings of the 9th international wireless communications and mobile computing conference (IWCMC), Sardinia, Italy, 1–5 July 2013, pp. 585–589, 2013.
D. Kandris, M. Tsagkaropoulos, I. Politis, A. Tzes and S. Kotsopoulos, Energy efficient and perceived QoS aware video routing over wireless multimedia sensor networks, Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 9, pp. 591–607, 2011.
D. Wang, J. Liu and D. Yao, An energy-efficient distributed adaptive cooperative routing based on reinforcement learning in wireless multimedia sensor networks, Computer Networks, Vol. 178, pp. 107313, 2020.
M. A. Koulali, A. Kobbane, M. E. Koutbi, H. Tembine and J. Ben-Othman, Dynamic power control for energy harvesting in wireless multimedia sensor networks, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-158.
S. Li, J. G. Kim, D. H. Han and K. S. Lee, A survey of energy-efficient communication protocols with QoS guarantees in wireless multimedia sensor networks, Sensors, Vol. 19, pp. 199, 2019.
A. Fallahi and E. Hossain, QoS provisioning in wireless video sensor networks: a dynamic power management framework, IEEE Wireless Communication, Vol. 14, pp. 40–49, 2007.
A. Fallahi and E. Hossain, A dynamic programming approach for QoS-aware power management in wireless video sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 58, pp. 843–854, 2009.
S. Liu, Energy-saving optimization and matlab simulation of wireless networks based on clustered multi-hop routing algorithm, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Vol. 27, pp. 280–288, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-019-00448-5.
A. Genta, D. K. Lobiyal and J. Abawajy, Energy efficient multipath routing algorithm for wireless multimedia sensor network, Sensors, Vol. 19, No. 17, pp. 1–21, 2019.
M. A. Habib and S. Moh, Robust evolutionary-game-based routing for wireless multimedia sensor networks, Sensors, Vol. 19, pp. 3544, 2019.
R. Gupta, Elliptic curve cryptography based secure image transmission in clustered wireless sensor networks, International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications., Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 67–78, 2021.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Matheen, M.A., Sundar, S. IoT Multimedia Sensors for Energy Efficiency and Security: A Review of QoS Aware and Methods in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Int J Wireless Inf Networks 29, 407–418 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-022-00567-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-022-00567-6