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Distinct binding of cetirizine enantiomers to human serum albumin and the human histamine receptor H1

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Abstract

Cetirizine, a major metabolite of hydroxyzine, became a marketed second-generation H1 antihistamine that is orally active and has a rapid onset of action, long duration of effects and a very good safety record at recommended doses. The approved drug is a racemic mixture of (S)-cetirizine and (R)-cetirizine, the latter being the levorotary enantiomer that also exists in the market as a third-generation, non-sedating and highly selective antihistamine. Both enantiomers bind tightly to the human histamine H1 receptor (hH1R) and behave as inverse agonists but the affinity and residence time of (R)-cetirizine are greater than those of (S)-cetirizine. In blood plasma, cetirizine exists in the zwitterionic form and more than 90% of the circulating drug is bound to human serum albumin (HSA), which acts as an inactive reservoir. Independent X-ray crystallographic work has solved the structure of the hH1R:doxepin complex and has identified two drug-binding sites for cetirizine on equine serum albumin (ESA). Given this background, we decided to model a membrane-embedded hH1R in complex with either (R)- or (S)-cetirizine and also the complexes of both ESA and HSA with these two enantiomeric drugs to analyze possible differences in binding modes between enantiomers and also among targets. The ensuing molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent and additional computational chemistry calculations provided structural and energetic information about all of these complexes that is normally beyond current experimental possibilities. Overall, we found very good agreement between our binding energy estimates and extant biochemical and pharmacological evidence. A much higher degree of solvent exposure in the cetirizine-binding site(s) of HSA and ESA relative to the more occluded orthosteric binding site in hH1R is translated into larger positional fluctuations and considerably lower affinities for these two nonspecific targets. Whereas it is demonstrated that the two known pockets in ESA provide enough stability for cetirizine binding, only one such site does so in HSA due to a number of amino acid replacements. At the histamine-binding site in hH1R, the distinct interactions established between the phenyl and chlorophenyl moieties of the two enantiomers with the amino acids lining up the pocket and between their free carboxylates and Lys179 in the second extracellular loop account for the improved pharmacological profile of (R)-cetirizine.

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Notes

  1. The amino acid superscripts refer to the GPCRDB numbering scheme that accounts for helix bulges and constrictions [17] (see ‘Methods’).

Abbreviations

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

CBS1:

Cetirizine-binding site 1

CBS2:

Cetirizine-binding site 2

ECL:

Extracellular loop

ESA:

Equine serum albumin

HSA:

Human serum albumin

ICL:

Intracellular loop

MM-ISMSA:

Molecular mechanics implicit solvent model surface area

TFQ:

Tryptophan fluorescence quenching

TM:

Transmembrane

uMD:

Unbiased molecular dynamics

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Acknowledgements

Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through grant SAF2015-64629-C2-2-R to F.G. is gratefully acknowledged.

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Author notes

  1. Almudena Perona

    Present address: Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Ciudad Universitaria, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, c/ Tajo s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain

    Almudena Perona & M. Piedad Ros

  2. Area of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and “Unidad Asociada IQM-CSIC”, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

    Alberto Mills & Federico Gago

  3. Repsol Technology Lab, c/ Agustín de Betancourt s/n, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain

    Antonio Morreale

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Contributions

Participated in research design: AP, AM, and FG. Conducted experiments: MPR, AP, AM, AM, and FG. Performed data analysis: AP, AM, and FG. Wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript: MPR, AP, AM, AM, and FG.

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Correspondence to Federico Gago.

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This work is dedicated to Prof. Gerhard Klebe (University of Marburg, Germany), on occasion of his retirement, in recognition of his outstanding and inspiring scientific contributions.

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Perona, A., Ros, M.P., Mills, A. et al. Distinct binding of cetirizine enantiomers to human serum albumin and the human histamine receptor H1. J Comput Aided Mol Des 34, 1045–1062 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10822-020-00328-8

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