Skip to main content
Log in

Challenges for Semiconductor Test Engineering: A Review Paper

  • Published:
Journal of Electronic Testing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Today’s economical cycles challenge the test program generation process for semiconductors with regard to productivity, time-to-market, increasing quality requirements and manufacturing robustness, while, at the same time, the complexity of the system-on-a-chip mixed-signal integrated circuits to be tested increases significantly. Furthermore, commercial challenges in combination with competitive advantage become an important factor, not only within semiconductor manufacturing, but also within test program development. This paper provides a review of these challenges, and how they might be addressed. We first give a short introduction and background on semiconductor testing and test development with the focus on mixed-signal and systems-on-chip. This is followed by current roadmaps and considerations for test program software development. Based on the highlighted strength and weaknesses of the reviewed approaches, the authors conclude with some recommendations to address these challenges by adopting software engineering methods for the test program development process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abdennadher S (2008) “Effects of Advances in Analog, Mixed Signal and IO Circuits on Test Strategies”, 17th Asian Test Symposium, pp 145

  2. Ackermann CS, and Fabia JM (1992) “Monitoring supplier quality at p.p.m. levels”, Semiconductor Manufacturing Science Symposium, IEEE/SEMI International, 15–16: 24–30

  3. Advantest (2011) company products web page, viewed February 2011, <http://www.advantest.co.jp/products/ate/en-index.shtml>

  4. Aldrich G (2004) “100 DPPM in nanometer technology… is it achievable?”, in Proceedings International Test Conference, pp 1417

  5. Ali L, Sidek R, Aris I, Suparjo BS, Mohd Alib MA (2004) “Challenges and directions for testing IC”, Integration. The VLSI Journal 37(1):17–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Anderson M (2005) “The increasing importance of testing”, in Automotive Design & Production, 117(6): 18, Cincinnati

  7. Antoniol G, Hayes JH, Gueheneuc YG, and di Penta M (2008) “Reuse or rewrite: combining textual, static, and dynamic analyses to assess the cost of keeping a system up-to-date”, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, pp 147–56

  8. Ardimento P, Bruno G, Caivano D, and Visaggio G (2007) “A maintenance oriented framework for software components characterization”, 11th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, p 10

  9. Barker CR, O’Donnell SJ (2005) Improving test time on a COTS based system. Autotestcon 2005:456–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bowen JP, Bergin T, Sterling CH (2006) Reviews. IEEE Ann Hist Comput 28(2):77–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Brand D, Buss M, Sreedhar VC (2007) Evidence-based analysis and inferring preconditions for bug detection. IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance 2007:44–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Brown S (2003) “Changing the automatic test paradigm through concurrent measurement and test development”, in AUTOTESTCON 2003, Proceedings. IEEE Systems Readiness Technology Conference, Future Sustainment for Military and Aerospace (Cat. No.03CH37447), pp 34–9

  13. Bucy J (1980) “The semiconductor industry challenges in the decade ahead”, IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, Digest of Technical Papers, vol. XXIII, pp 53

  14. Burlison, Crouch, Ritchie (2007) “Protocol aware test. It has a role, but where? And how?,” Test Conference, 2007. ITC 2007. IEEE International, pp. 1

  15. Cadence Design Systems (2011) Company web page, viewed February 2011, <http://www.cadence.com/us/pages/default.aspx>

  16. Canepa M (1988) “The future of open systems”, Interoperable Information Systems, ISIIS ’88, pp. 17–24

  17. Chappell J (2003) “Open standard ATE engenders open debate”, Electronic Business 29(14): 40, Highlands Ranch

    Google Scholar 

  18. Chen CIH (1998) Efficient approaches to low-cost high-fault coverage VLSI BIST designs. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 34(1):63–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Clendenin CK (2004) “Flexible test systems - an adaptive architecture to preserve existing investment and enable use of emerging technologies”, in AUTOTESTCON 2004 Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37560), pp 45–51

  20. LIN Consortium (2010) “Local interconnect network concept”, LIN Administration, viewed October 2010, <http://www.lin-subbus.org/>

  21. Dakshinamoorthy S (2008) “Zero defects quality and reliability challenges for growing markets”, IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report, pp. 12–16

  22. Desmier H (1989) “CATE at heat of board test system”, in Electronics Manufacture & amp Test, 8(11): 27-8, 31

  23. Eclipse (2010) Eclipse Foundation, viewed November 2010, <http://www.eclipse.org>

  24. Ellis K (2003) “Signal and test definition - an IEEE standard”, in AUTOTESTCON 2003, Proceedings. IEEE Systems Readiness Technology Conference, Future Sustainment for Military and Aerospace (Cat. No.03CH37447), pp. 244–57

  25. Furukawa Y, and Rajsuman R (2005) “New trends drive ATE open architecture”, Semiconductor International, 28(8): 75, 3 pgs, Newton

  26. Geathers GE (2001) “The IVI foundation signal interface; a new industry standard”, in 2001 IEEE Autotestcon Proceedings, IEEE Systems Readiness Technology Conference. (Cat. No.01CH37237), pp. 497–503

  27. George K, Chen CIH (2009) Logic Built-In Self-Test for Core-Based Designs on System-on-a-Chip. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 58(5):1495–1504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Gessner B (2007) “How to ensure zero defects from the beginning with semiconductor test methods”, IEEE International Test Conference, pp. 1–2

  29. Ham K (2005) “An alternative to traditional software rehosting”. IEEE Aerosp Electron Syst Mag 20(4):9–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hapgood F (2001) “Bug battles”, CIO: Aug 1, 14(20), pp. 94, Framingham

  31. Harrison R (2005) ATML - a new standard for ATE. Eval Eng 44(3):14–19

    Google Scholar 

  32. Harrold MJ, and Orso A (2008) “Retesting software during development and maintenance”, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, pp. 99–108

  33. Hashempour H, Meyer FJ, Lombardi F (2004) Analysis and measurement of fault coverage in a combined ATE and BIST environment. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 53(2):300–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Hashimoto T (1994) “Designing the conformance test program for programming language processors”, in NTT R&D, 43(6): 681–688

  35. Hetherington G, Fryars T, Tamarapalli N, Kassab M, Hassan A, and Rajski J (1999) “Logic BIST for large industrial designs: real issues and case studies”, in Proceedings International Test Conference, pp. 358–367

  36. Hoffman D (2002) “Homegrown tools and equipment versus EDA and ATE vendors: future of design to test product lines”, in Proceedings International Test Conference 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37382), pp 26

  37. Hulett JN (2004) “Ask the user: a practical approach to test program set development”, in Proceedings. Autotestcon 2004:284–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Hulme A, and Nash K (2008) “Implementing IEEE 1641—Using a complete system”, in Proceedings IEEE Autotestcon 2008, pp 301–307

  39. IEEE 1641 (2011) IEEE Standards Association web page, viewed February 2011, <http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1641-2010.html>

  40. IEEE 1450–1999 (1999) IEEE Standard Test Interface Language (STIL) for Digital Test Vector Data. IEEE, USA

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ishihara S, Okazaki S, and Arimoto H (2007) “20 years of Microprocesses and Nanotechinology Conference”, Microprocesses and Nanotechnology, Digest of papers, pp. 2, 5–8

  42. ITRS (2003) “International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2003, Test and Test Equipment”, viewed January 2008, <http://public.itrs.net/Files/2003ITRS/Test2003.pdf>

  43. ITRS (2009) “International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2009”, viewed March 2010. <www.itrs.net/Links/2009ITRS/2009Chapters_2009Tables/2009_Test.pdf>

  44. ITRS (2010) “International technology roadmap for semiconductors 2009. Webpage home summary, viewed December 2010, <www.itrs.net/Links/2009ITRS/2009Chapters_2009Tables/2009_ExecSum.pdf>

  45. Iyengar V, Chakrabarty K, and Marinissen EJ (2002) “Recent advances in test planning for modular testing of core-based SOCs”, in Proceedings of the 11th Asian Test Symposium (ATS'02), pp 320–5

  46. Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice (2010), ISSN: 1532–060X, continued topic

  47. Kelly N (2004) “Meeting challenges in test”, Semiconductor International, 27(1): 86, Newton

  48. Koche A, and Barth R (2009) “ATE Vision 2020: New Frontiers for ATEs”; “Test Challenges of Device Scaling”, Proc. VLSI Test symposium, viewed June 2009, <http://www.tttc-vts.org>

  49. Laney J (2002) “Which text language works best?”, Test & Measurement World, 22(5): 4, 4 pgs, Boston

  50. LIN Specification 2.1 (2008) “LIN Spec 2.1”, LIN Administration Specification, <http://www.lin-subbus.org/>

  51. LTX-Credence (2011) company products web page, viewed February 2011, <http://www.ltx.com/xweb.nsf/published/testplatformportfolio?Open>

  52. Maciejewski W, and Harrison M (1981) “Cost-effective approaches for extending the useful life of ATE and test program sets”, in Proceedings IEEE AUTOTESTCON, pp. 273–5

  53. Maloney LD (2007) “Laying the foundation for growth”. Test &amp Measurement World 27(6):21–24

    Google Scholar 

  54. Mantere T, Alander JT (2005) “Evolutionary software engineering, a review”. Appl Soft Comput 5(3):315–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Measurements Systems Analysis (2002) Automotive Industry Action Group AIAG, continuous publications, viewed May 2010, <http://www.aiag.org>

  56. Mentor Graphics (2011) Company web page, viewed February 2011, <http://www.mentor.com/>

  57. Microsoft (2011) Company developer network web page, viewed February 2011, <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/>

  58. Mitra S, McCluskey EJ, and Makar S (2002) “Design for testability and testing of IEEE 1149.1 TAP controller”, in Proceedings 20th IEEE VLSI Test Symposium 2002, pp. 247–252

  59. Mollick E (2006) Establishing Moore’s Law. IEEE Ann Hist Comput 28(3):62–75

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  60. Moran A, Teisher J, Gill A, Pasalic E, and Veneruso J (2001) “Automated translation of legacy code for ATE”, in Proceedings International Test Conference 2001 (Cat. No.01CH37260), pp. 148–56

  61. Nageswaran R, Nelson C (2005) Enabling innovation in test manufacturing through ATE software standards. IEEE International Symposium on Semiconductor Manufacturing 2005:51–54

    Google Scholar 

  62. Nelson R (2002) “FASTest RF” Test and Measurement World, viewed July 2010, <http://www.tmworld.com/article/322507-FASTest_RF.php>

  63. Nelson R (2002b) “Quality and responsibility”, Test & Measurement World, 22(13): 7, Boston

  64. Oblad RP (1999) “Achieving robust interchangeability of test assets in ATE systems” in Proceedings. IEEE AUTOTESTCON 1999:687–698

    Google Scholar 

  65. O’Donnell SJ, and Brackett RA (2002) “Adopting IVI: an incremental approach [Interchangeable Virtual Instruments]”, in IEEE AUTOTESTCON Proceedings. Systems Readiness Technology Conference. ‘The New Millennium Challenge—Transforming Test’ (Cat. No.02CH37350), pp. 324–336

  66. O’Donnell SJ, and Schwentner JC (2003) “Adopting IVI: an incremental approach, 1 year later [ATE applications]”, in AUTOTESTCON 2003, Proceedings, IEEE Systems Readiness Technology Conference, Future Sustainment for Military and Aerospace (Cat. No.03CH37447), pp. 436–43

  67. Ogata T, Ono T, Watanabe T and Ito K (1991) “An automatic test program generator”, in Proceedings IECON '91. 1991 International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control and Instrumentation (Cat. No.91CH2976–9), 1372–4 vol.2

  68. O’Reilly J, Khoche A, Wahl E, Parnas B (2010) “STIL P1450.4: A standard for test flow specification,” Test Conference (ITC), 2010 IEEE International, pp. 1–10

  69. Panigrahi G, and Sewell RF (1981) “A generalized test program generator”, in Proceedings of the Eighth Semi-Annual Seminar/Exhibit. Automated Testing for Electronics Manufacturing, 1/33–47

  70. Park J, Shin H, Abraham J (2011) Pseudorandom Test of Nonlinear Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuits Based on a Volterra Series Model. J Electron Test 27(3):321–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Pascual JMG, and Brown M (2007) “A case study: developing a complete test program using IEEE 1641”, IEEE Autotestcon 2007 Systems Readiness Technology Conference, pp. 718–27

  72. Popolo T, Plunske E, Kulla G (2008) Dramatically reduce TPS development costs over all ATE platforms while still achieving accurate test results. Proceedings IEEE Autotestcon 2008:181–184

    Google Scholar 

  73. Reinwardt G (2003) “Siteseer Shorten yout time to market”, Advantest, viewed February 2010, <http://www.advantest.de>

  74. Rivoir J (2008) “We Need Faster & Deeper Scan and More Realistic Tests,” Test Conference, 2008. ITC 2008. IEEE International, pp. 1–2

  75. Sengupta S (2004) “Test strategies for nanometer technologies” in Proceedings International Test Conference 2004, pp. 1421

  76. Seongmoon W (2007) “A BIST TPG for Low Power Dissipation and High Fault Coverage”, in Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 15(7): 777–789, IEEE

  77. ShiJie W, Morusupalli RR, and Hartranft M (2009) “Addressing IC component Quality and Reliability assurance challenges”, in IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium, pp. 810–813

  78. Soma M (1996) “Automatic test generation algorithms for analogue circuits”, in IEEE Proceedings Circuits. Devices and Systems 143(6):366–373

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  79. Song YL (2003) “Future ATE: perspectives & requirements”, in Proceedings International Test Conference 2003 (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37494), pp. 1300 Vol. 1

  80. Spinks SJ, Chalk CD, Bell IM, Zwolinski M (2004) Generation and Verification of Tests for Analog Circuits Subject to Process Parameter Deviations. J Electron Test 20(1):11–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. STIL Status (2011) IEEE group 1450 web page, viewed November 2011, <http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1450/#status>

  82. Storey MA, Cheng LT, Singer J, Muller M, Myers D, and Ryall J (2007) “How programmers can turn comments into waypoints for code navigation”, in 2007 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, pp. 265–74

  83. Syed I, and Rose N (1982) “Automated generation of device test software”, in Digest of Papers 1982 International Test Conference, pp. 514–21

  84. Teradyne (2010) “About Teradyne—A brief History”, viewed December 2010, <http://www.teradyne.com/corp/history.html>

  85. Teradyne (2011) company products web page, viewed February 2011, <http://www.teradyne.com/prods/prodserv.html>

  86. Teradyne IG-XL software (2010) TUG Teradyne User Group, viewed May 2010, <http://www.teradyne.com/flex/software>

  87. Testinsight (2011) Testinsight web page, viewed November 2011, <http://www.testinsight.com/>

  88. Thrailkill M, and Leekhool L (1997) “Implementing a Test Foundation Framework in LabVIEW”, in 1997 IEEE Autotestcon Proceedings. AUTOTESTCON '97, IEEE Systems Readiness Technology Conference, Systems Readiness Supporting Global Needs and Awareness in the 21st Century (Cat. No.97CH36120), pp. 190–3

  89. tttc (2010) The free software foundation within the Technical Activity Committee, Test Technology Technical Council, IEEE tttc, <http://tab.computer.org/tttc/, Event info 2010>

  90. Variyam PN, Chatterjee A (2000) Specification-Driven Test Generation for Analog Circuits. IEEE Transactions CAD 19(10):1189–1201

    Google Scholar 

  91. Vock S, Escalona O, and Owens F (2010) “Commercial Challenges and Quality Robustness Issue in Semiconductor Manufacture Test and Measurement”, in Proceedings 27th International Manufacturing Conference, Paper P3

  92. Vock, S, Schmid, M & von Staudt, HM 2006, “Test Software Generation Productivity and Code Quality Improvement by applying Software Engineering Techniques”, in Proceedings International Test Conference 2006, Paper 1.4

  93. von Tils V (2008) “Zero Defects—Reliability for Automotive Electronics”, International Interconnect Technology Conference, pp.1–3

  94. Washizaki H, Namiki R, Fukuoka T, Harada Y, and Watanabe H (2007) “A framework for measuring and evaluating program source code quality”, Product-Focused Software Process Improvements. Proceedings 8th International Conference, PROFES 2007, pp. 284–99

  95. Webster B, and Kramer R (1992) “Boosting quality in mixed-signal test programs”, in Evaluation Engineering, 31(5): 156, 158, 160–3

  96. Webster B, and Kramer R (1993) “Higher quality for mixed signal test software”, in Elektronik 42(3): 48–9, 54–6

  97. Wheater D (2003) “ATE-customer perspective & requirements panel”, in Proceedings. International Test Conference 2003 (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37494), p 1298 Vol.1

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stefan R. Vock.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: P. Maxwell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vock, S.R., Escalona, O.J., Turner, C. et al. Challenges for Semiconductor Test Engineering: A Review Paper. J Electron Test 28, 365–374 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10836-011-5276-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10836-011-5276-x

Keywords

Navigation