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Deep Soft Error Propagation Modeling Using Graph Attention Network

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Abstract

Soft errors are increasing in computer systems due to shrinking feature sizes. Soft errors can induce incorrect outputs, also called silent data corruption (SDC), which raises no warnings in the system and hence is difficult to detect. To prevent SDC effectively, protection techniques require a fine-grained profiling of SDC-prone instructions, which is often obtained by applying machine learning models. However, these models rely on handcrafted features, and lack the ability to reason about SDC propagation, which leads to an inferior SDC prediction performance. We propose a novel Graph Attention neTwork to Predict SDC-prone instructions (GATPS). The GATPS representation is a heterogeneous graph with different types of edges to represent various instruction relations. By stacking layers in which nodes are able to attend over their neighborhoods’ features, GATPS automatically captures the structural features that contribute to SDC propagation. The attention mechanism is applied to compute the importance values to the neighboring nodes, which quantifies the fault effect on the neighboring nodes. Moreover, the inductive model of GATPS can be applied to unseen programs without retraining, and it requires no fault injection information of the target program. Experiments revealed GATPS achieved a 34% higher F1 score compared to the baseline method and a 40-fold speedup compared to the fault injection approach.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.62002030), Key research and development plan project of the Shaanxi Province, China (No.2019ZDLGY17-08, 2019ZDLGY03-09–01, 2019GY-006, 2020GY-013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Information Engineering, Chang’an University, Middle Section of Nan’erhuan Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

    Junchi Ma, Zongtao Duan & Lei Tang

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  1. Junchi Ma
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  2. Zongtao Duan
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Correspondence to Junchi Ma.

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Ma, J., Duan, Z. & Tang, L. Deep Soft Error Propagation Modeling Using Graph Attention Network. J Electron Test 38, 303–319 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10836-022-06005-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10836-022-06005-y

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