Abstract
Weld evaluation processes are usually conducted in the post-weld stage. In this way, defects are found after the weld is completed, often resulting in disposal of expensive material or lengthy repair processes. Simultaneously, weld quality inspections tend to be performed manually by a human, even for an automated weld. Therefore, a proper real-time weld quality monitoring method associated with a decision-making strategy is needed to increase the productivity and automaticity in weld. In this study, acoustic emission (AE) as a real-time monitoring method is introduced for gas metal arc weld. The AE system is designed to cover a wide range of frequencies from 5 to 400 kHz. Additionally, the welding parameters (weld current, voltage, gas flow rate, and heat input) are recorded concurrently with AE. Different types of weld defects are artificially created to generate different signals. For the automated decision-making system, machine learning algorithms are used. Several features extracted from the AE and welding parameters feed into a machine learning algorithm. A new AE feature as the rate of AE energy accumulation extracted from time driven AE feature is defined. For decision-making, supervised learning models are trained and evaluated using testing data. General classification methods—such as Logistic Regression—predict each data-point separately. In this study, Adversarial Sequence Tagging method is applied to predict the presence of four weld states as good, excessive penetration, burn-through, porosity and porosity-excessive penetration. We explore the prediction task as a sequence tagging problem where the label of a data-point depends on its corresponding features as well as neighboring labels. When all the AE features as well as heat input are used in the feature set, the sequence tagging and logistic regression algorithms achieve a prediction accuracy of 91.18% and 82.35%, respectively, as compared to metallographic analysis.
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Acknowledgements
This work was performed with support in part by the Department of the Army through the Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute under project DMDII 15-14-03 titled as “Intelligent Welding: Real Time Monitoring, Diagnosis, and Decision using Multi-sensor and Machine Learning”. The support from the sponsoring organizations is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to thank ITW (Illinois Tool Works) Miller and John Deere for proving welding equipment and the data acquisition system and David Pivonka, Ryan M Gneiting and Sankaran Subramaniam for their valuable inputs into the experimental design and sample preparation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations acknowledged above.
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Asif, K., Zhang, L., Derrible, S. et al. Machine learning model to predict welding quality using air-coupled acoustic emission and weld inputs. J Intell Manuf 33, 881–895 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-020-01667-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-020-01667-x