Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Guidelines for the Integration of Autonomous UAS into the Global ATM

  • Published:
Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The growing social and economic interest in new unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) applications demands that UASs operate beyond the segregated airspace they are currently able to fly. However, UAS operations in non-segregated airspace should be regulated by aeronautical authorities before UASs can share airspace with manned aircraft. It has been a challenge for regulatory authorities to define these regulations because they do not understand the topic well. In addition, there is no consensus in the academic community regarding UAS concepts, such as taxonomy and features. This study proposes guidelines that could support UAS regulations for the future integration of autonomous UASs into the Global Air Traffic Management System (GATM). These guidelines are based on three viewpoints: the aircraft, the piloting autonomous system (PAS) and the integration of autonomous UASs into non-segregated airspace. We recommend that the UAS concept should be based on genuine aeronautical precepts, which would be directly applied, without terminology or conceptual adaptations, for the integration of these aircraft into airspace according to the GATM paradigm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. ICAO: Global Air Traffic Management Operational Concept, 1st edn. Doc 9854 AN/458 (2005)

  2. FAA: Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)—Certifications and Authorizations. Available: http://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/uas/cert/ (2009). Accessed 8 July 2013

  3. ICAO: Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Circular: UAS 328. Cir 328 AN/190. ISBN: 978-92-9231-751-5 (2011)

  4. Loh, R., Bian, Y., Roe, T.: UAVs in civil airspace: safety requirements. IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag. 24, 5–17 (2009). doi:10.1109/MAES.2009.4772749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ross, P.: When will software have the right stuff? IEEE Spectr. 48, 38–43 (2011). doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2011.6085781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bhamidipati, K.K., Uhlig, D., NeogiBoulder, N.: Safety and Reliability into UAV Systems: Mitigating the Ground Impact Hazard. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit (2007)

  7. Massimo, F.: Capturing emerging complex interactions: safety analysis in air traffic management. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 91, 1482–1493 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Stoop, J., Roed-Larsen, S.: Public safety investigations—a new evolutionary step in safety enhancement? Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 94, 1471–1479 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jamrok, R., Collins, R., Rapids, C.: Aircraft datalink communications for the future. In: The 20th Digital Avionics System Conference, vol. 2. IEEE (2001)

  10. ICAO: Global Air Navigation Plan for CNS/ATM Systems, 2nd edn. Doc 9750 AN/963 (2002)

  11. Signore, T.L., Girard, M.: The Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN). In: IEEE Military Communications Conference. Proceedings MILCOM 98 (Cat. No.98CH36201). pp. 40–44. IEEE (1998). doi:10.1109/MILCOM.1998.722541

  12. ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization: Manual of Technical Provisions for the Aeronautical Telecommunication Network. Doc 9705/AN956 (1999)

  13. FAA: Fact Sheet—Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Available: http://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=6287 (2010). Accessed 8 July 2013

  14. Scarpa, F.: Unmanned aerial vehicles. Aircraft Engeneering and Aerospace Technology 73, 401–402 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Eurocontrol. CARE Innovative Action Preliminary Study – Integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles into Future Air TrafficManagement. http://www.eurocontrol.int/care-innov/gallery/content/public/docs/studies2001/iabg-finalreport.pdf (2001). Accessed 19 Sept 2013

  16. Eurocontrol. SPEC-0 102. Eurocontrol Specifications for the Use of Military Unmanned Aerial Vehicles as Operational Air Traffic Outside Segregated Airspace. http://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/content/documents/single-sky/cm/civil-mil-coordination/cmac-rpa-specifications-v-2-0-20120201.pdf (2007). Accessed 19 Sept 2013

  17. US GAO. Federal Actions Needed to Ensure Safety and Expand Their Potential Uses Within the National Airspace System. http://www.gao.gov/assets/280/275328.pdf (2008). Accessed 19 Sept 2013

  18. Weibel, R.E., Hansman, R.J.: An integrated approach to evaluating risk mitigation measures for UAV operational concepts in the NAS. In: AIAA’s 4th Infotech@Aerospace Conference, 26–29 September. AIAA-2005-6957, Arlington, VA (2005)

  19. Clothier, R., et al.: A casualty risk analysis for unmanned aerial system (UAS) operations over inhabited areas. In: 2nd Australasian Unmanned Air Vehicles Conference (2007)

  20. Cohen, R., Segel, L.A.: Design Principles for the Immune System and Other Distributed Autonomous Systems. Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity Proceedings. Oxford University Press, USA (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mekdeci, B., Cummings, M.L.: Modeling multiple human operators in the supervisory control of heterogeneous unmanned vehicles. In: Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems, PerMIS’09, pp. 1–8. ACM, New York, NY (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  22. Avanzini, G., Minisci, E.A.: Evolutionary design of a full-envelope flight control system for an unstable fighter aircraft. In: 2010 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), pp. 1–8 (2010)

  23. Kuo, B.C.: Automatic Control Systems, 5th edn. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pahsa, A., Kaya, P., Alat, G., Baykal, B.: Integrating navigation amp; surveillance of unmanned air vehicles into the civilian national airspaces by using ADS-B applications. In: Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveilance Conference (ICNS), 2011, pp. J7-1–J7-7 (2011)

  25. Remenyte-Prescott, R., Andrews, J.D., Chung, P.W.H.: An efficient phased mission reliability analysis for autonomous vehicles. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 95, 226–235 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. EASA-AS: Available in http://www.easa.europa.eu/certification/docs/policy-statements/E.Y013-01_%20UAS_%20Policy.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2013

  27. JAA, Eurocontro. Eurocontrol UAV Task-Force Final Report. A Concept For European Regulations For Civil Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). http://www.easa.europa.eu/rulemaking/docs/npa/2005/16-2005/NPA_16_2005_Appendix.pdf (2004). Accessed 19 Sept 2013

  28. FAA: Unmanned Aircraft Operations in the National Airspace System (NAS), 2011. Available at http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Notice/N7210.766.pdf. Accessed 12 July 2013

  29. Eurocontrol. Annex 2 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation–Rules of the Air—International Civil Aviation Organization, 9th edn. (1990)

  30. ICAO: Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Aerodromes, vol. I and II, 3rd edn. (1999)

  31. Eurocontrol. Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation—Personnel Licensing—International Civil Aviation Organization, 9th edn. ICAO (2001)

  32. Turing, A.M.: Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 59, 433–460 (1950)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  33. Neumann, F., Reichenberger, A., Ziegler, M.: Variations of the turing test in the age of internet and virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual German Conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 355–362 (2009)

  34. SAE/ARP 4754: Certification considerations for highly-integrated or complex aircraft systems. ARP 4754 (1996)

  35. Jung, C.G.: On the Nature of the Psyche. Ed Princeton University (1969)

  36. FAA. Eletronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14: Aeronautics and Airspace, Part 141 – Pilot Schools. http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=46103b06d06ed2681a66fa942aacf8f7&rgn=div5&view=text&node=14:3.0.1.2.16&idno=14 (2013). Accessed 19 Sept 2013

  37. FAA. Eletronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14: Aeronautics and Airspace, Part 61 – Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors. Code of Federal Regulations. http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=46103b06d06ed2681a66fa942aacf8f7&rgn=div5&view=text&node=14:2.0.1.1.2&idno=14 (2013). Accessed 19 Sept 2013

  38. Vismari, L.F., Camargo Júnior, J.B.: A safety assessment methodology applied to CNS/ATM-based air traffic control system. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 96, 727–738 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. ICAO: Manual on Airspace Planning Methodology for the Determination of Separation Minima (Doc. 9689). International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal (1998)

  40. Gil, F.O., Camargo Jr., J.B., Almeida Jr., J.R., Cugnasca, P.S., Vismari, L.F., Gimenes, R.A.V., Furtado, V.H.: PIpE SEC: plataform for tests and validation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operation in coltrolled airspace. JBATS 6(2), 47–60 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Eurocontrol: Safety and Quality Relationship Guidelines, European. Air Traffic Management Programme (2001)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Safety Analysis Group (GAS), School of Engineering, University of São Paulo (Poli-USP), Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, Trav.3, n.158, Prédio da Engenharia de Eletricidade, Sala C2-34, 05508–010, São Paulo, Brazil

    Ricardo A. V. Gimenes, Lucio F. Vismari, Valter F. Avelino, João B. Camargo Jr., Jorge R. de Almeida Jr. & Paulo S. Cugnasca

Authors
  1. Ricardo A. V. Gimenes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lucio F. Vismari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Valter F. Avelino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. João B. Camargo Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jorge R. de Almeida Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Paulo S. Cugnasca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to João B. Camargo Jr..

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gimenes, R.A.V., Vismari, L.F., Avelino, V.F. et al. Guidelines for the Integration of Autonomous UAS into the Global ATM. J Intell Robot Syst 74, 465–478 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-013-9945-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-013-9945-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation