Abstract
In order to achieve higher adaptability, the control strategy based on walking sequence adjustment for accommodating unexpected slope terrains in bipedal walking is proposed in this paper, which consists of the Zero-Moment-Point (ZMP) tracking control, foot landing control, posture &yaw control. In our previous work, the 3-D walking sequences (WS) were defined and the online walking pattern generation based on the modified minimal orbit energy control (MMOEC) was realized. In this paper, utilizing the sensory reflex, the walking status is estimated and walking modes are judged when walking on slope terrains. Then, considering the stability and feasibility constraints, the real-time WS adjustment strategies for different walking modes are proposed. For the stabilization control, combining the modified preview control with the MMOEC by the angle coefficient, the ZMP generation and tracking control is first realized. Besides, the foot landing control is also adopted to reduce the impact force and accommodate the unknown terrain. With the posture control and yaw reduction, the stable biped walking on slopes terrains are realized, without a priori information.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Change history
07 February 2018
The original version of this manuscript unfortunately contained errors. On page 14, “Grant No. 51175383” should be “Grant No. 51675385.” The correct line should read: This research is supported by the National Foundation of China (Grant No. 51675385).
References
Vukobratovíc, M., Borovac, B.: Zero-Moment-Point-Thirty five years of its life. Int. J. Human. Robot. 1(1), 157–173 (2004)
Huang, Q., Nakamura, Y.: Sensory reflex control for humanoid walking. IEEE Trans. Robot. 21(5), 977–984 (2005)
Chevallereau, C., Grizzle, J.W., Shih, C.L.: Asymptotically stable walking of a five-link under actuated 3-D bipedal robot. IEEE Trans. Robot. 25(1), 37–50 (2009)
Shafii, N., Lau, N., Reis, L.P.: Learning to walk fast: optimized hip height movement for simulated and real humanoid robots. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. Theor. Appl. 80(3–4), 555–571 (2015)
Englsberger, J., Ott, C., Albu-Schäffer, A.: Three-dimensional bipedal walking control based on divergent component of motion. IEEE Trans. Robot. 31(2), 355–368 (2015)
Kuindersma, S., Deits, R., Fallon, M., Valenzuela, A., Dai, H., Permenter, F., Tedrake, R.: Optimization-based locomotion planning, estimation, and control design for the atlas humanoid robot. Auton. Robots 40(3), 429–455 (2016)
Zheng, Y.F., Shen, J.: Gait synthesis for the SD-2 biped robot to climb sloping surface. IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom. 6(1), 86–96 (1990)
Kim, J.Y., Park, I.W., Oh, J.H.: Walking control algorithm of biped humanoid robot on uneven and inclined floor. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. Theor. Appl. 48(4), 457–484 (2007)
Hong, Y.D., Lee, B.J., Kim, J.H.: Command state-based modifiable walking pattern generation on an inclined plane in pitch and roll directions for humanoid robots. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 16(4), 783–789 (2011)
Chen, J.F., Ding, J.T., Xiao, X.H.: Gait planning of biped robot based on 3-D walking sequence and experiment research, accepted by Journal of Central South University(to appear)
André, J., Teixeira, C., Santos, C.P., Costa, L.: Adapting biped locomotion to sloped environments. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. Theor. Appl. 80(3–4), 625–640 (2015)
Vundavilli, P.R., Pratihar, D.K.: Soft computing-based gait planners for a dynamically balanced biped robot negotiating sloping surfaces. Appl. Soft Comput. J. 9(1), 191–208 (2009)
Kang, H.J., Hashimoto, K., Kondo, H., Hattori, K., Nishikawa, K., Hama, Y., Kato, K.: Realization of biped walking on uneven terrain by new foot mechanism capable of detecting ground surface. In: IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, pp 5167–5172 (2010)
Iida, F., Minekawa, Y., Rummel, J., Seyfarth, A.: Toward a human-like biped robot with compliant legs. Robot. Auton. Syst. 57(2), 139–144 (2009)
Sabe, K., Fukuchi, M., Gutmann, J.S., Ohashi, T., Kawamoto K., Yoshigahara, T.: Obstacle avoidance and path planning for humanoid robots using stereo vision. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 592–597 (2004)
Michel, P., Chestnutt, J., Kagami, S., Nishiwaki, K., Kuffner, J., Kanade, T.: GPU-accelerated real-time 3D tracking for humanoid locomotion and stair climbing. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 463–469 (2007)
Fallon, M.F., Marion, P., Deits, R., Whelan, T., Antone, M., McDonald, J., Tedrake, R.: Continuous humanoid locomotion over uneven terrain using stereo fusion. In: IEEE-RAS 15th International Conference on Humanoid Robots, pp. 881–888 (2015)
Li, Z., Tsagarakis, N.G., Caldwell, D.G.: Stabilizing humanoids on slopes using terrain inclination estimation. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 4124–4129 (2013)
Li, Z., Zhou, C., Tsagarakis, N., Caldwell, D.: Compliance control for stabilizing the humanoid on the changing slope based on terrain inclination estimation. Auton. Robot. 40(6), 955–971 (2016)
Chew, C. M., Pratt, J., Pratt, G.: Blind walking of a planar bipedal robot on sloped terrain. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 381–386 (1999)
Ogino, M., Toyama, H., Asada, M.: Stabilizing biped walking on rough terrain based on the compliance control. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2007. IROS 2007, pp. 4047–4052 (2007)
Liu, Y., Wensing, P.M., Schmiedeler, J.P., Orin, D.E.: Terrain-blind humanoid walking based on a 3-D actuated dual-SLIP model. IEEE Robot. Autom. 1(2), 1073–1080 (2016)
Diedam, H., Dimitrov, D., Wieber, P.-B., Mombaur, K., Diehl, M: Online walking gait generation with adaptive foot positioning through linear model predictive control. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 1121–1126 (2008)
Griffin, R.J., Leonessa, A.: Model predictive control for dynamic footstep adjustment using the divergent component of motion. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (2016)
Feng, S., Xinjilefu, X., Atkeson, C.G., Kim, J.: Robust dynamic walking using online foot step optimization. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (2016)
Kryczka, P., et al.: Online regeneration of bipedal walking gait pattern optimizing footstep placement and timing. In: IEEE/RSJ Intl Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (2015)
Khadiv, M., Herzog, A., Moosavian, S.A.A., Righetti, L.: Step timing adjustment: a step toward generating robust gaits. In: IEEE-RAS 16th International Conference on Humanoid Robots, pp. 35–42 (2016)
Nishiwaki, K., Kagami, S.: Strategies for adjusting the zmp reference trajectory for maintaining balance in humanoid walking. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) (pp. 4230–4236). IEEE (2010)
Kajita, S., et al.: Biped walking pattern generation by using preview control of zero-moment point. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (2003)
Ding, J., Xiao, X., Wang, Y., Xu, B.: Preview control with an angle adjustment strategy for robust real-time biped walking pattern generation. In: International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications (2015)
Ding, J., Xiao, X., Wang, Y.: Preview control with adaptive fuzzy strategy for online biped gait generation and walking control. Int. J. Robot. Autom. 31(6), 677–699 (2016)
Kajita, S., Hirukawa, H., Yokoi, K., Harada, K.: Humanoid Robots. Ohm-sha Ltd (2005)
Miossec, S., Aoustin, Y.: Walking gait composed of single and double supports for a planar biped without feet. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Climbing Walking Robots (CLAWAR), pp. 767–774 (2002)
Kajita, S., Kanehiro, F., Kaneko, K., Yokoi, K., Hirukawa, H.: The 3D Linear Inverted Pendulum Mode: A simple modeling for a biped walking pattern generation. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 239–246 (2001)
NAO Documentation. Available from: http://doc.aldebaran.com/2-1/home_nao.html
Adams Online help documentation. Available from: http://MSC.Software/Adams/2013/help/wwhelp/wwhimpl/js/html/wwhelp.html
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the National Foundation of China (Grant No. 51175383).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
(MP4 37.9 MB)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ding, J., Wang, Y., Yang, M. et al. Walking Stabilization Control for Humanoid Robots on Unknown Slope Based on Walking Sequences Adjustment. J Intell Robot Syst 90, 323–338 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-017-0685-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-017-0685-4
Keywords
- Bipedal walking
- Stabilization control
- Unknown slope terrain
- 3-D walking sequences
- Humanoid robots
- Zero-Moment-Point (ZMP)