Abstract
Surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms (SAEAs) have recently shown excellent ability in solving computationally expensive optimization problems. However, with the increase of dimensions of research problems, the effectiveness of SAEAs for high-dimensional problems still needs to be improved further. In this paper, a two-layer adaptive surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm is proposed, in which three different search strategies are adaptively executed during the iteration according to the feedback information which is proposed to measure the status of the algorithm approaching the optimal value. In the proposed method, the global GP model is used to pre-screen the offspring produced by the DE/current-to-best/1 strategy for fast convergence speed, and the DE/current-to-randbest/1 strategy is proposed to guide the global GP model to locate promising regions when the feedback information reaches a presetting threshold. Moreover, a local search strategy (DE/best/1) is used to guide the local GP model which is built by using individuals closest to the current best individual to intensively exploit the promising regions. Furthermore, a dimension reduction technique is used to construct a reasonably accurate GP model for high-dimensional expensive problems. Empirical studies on benchmark problems with 50 and 100 variables demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to find high-quality solutions for high-dimensional problems under a limited computational budget.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
El-Ela, A.A., Fetouh, T., Bishr, M., Saleh, R.: Power systems operation using particle swarm optimization technique. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 78(11), 1906–1913 (2008)
Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient global optimization of expensive black-box functions. J. Glob. Optim. 13(4), 455–492 (1998)
Nguyen, S., Zhang, M., Johnston, M., Tan, K.C.: Automatic programming via iterated local search for dynamic job shop scheduling. IEEE Trans. Cybernet. 45(1), 1–14 (2015)
Yoon, Y., Kim, Y.-H.: An efficient genetic algorithm for maximum coverage deployment in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Cybernet. 43(5), 1473–1483 (2013)
Wu, T.-Y., Lin, C.-H.: Low-SAR path discovery by particle swarm optimization algorithm in wireless body area networks. IEEE Sens. J. 15(2), 928–936 (2015)
He, S., Prempain, E., Wu, Q.: An improved particle swarm optimizer for mechanical design optimization problems. Eng. Optim. 36(5), 585–605 (2004)
Lim, D., Jin, Y., Ong, Y.-S., Sendhoff, B.: Generalizing surrogate-assisted evolutionary computation. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 14(3), 329–355 (2010)
Jin, Y.: A comprehensive survey of fitness approximation in evolutionary computation. Soft Comput. A Fusion Found. Methodol. Appl. 9(1), 3–12 (2005)
Gaspar-Cunha, A., Vieira, A.: A Hybrid Multi-objective evolutionary algorithm using an inverse neural network. In: Hybrid Metaheuristics, pp. 25–30 (2004)
Gaspar-Cunha, A., Vieira, A.: A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm using neural networks to approximate fitness evaluations. Int. J. Comput. Syst. Signal 6(1), 18–36 (2005)
Lian, Y., Liou, M.-S.: Multiobjective optimization using coupled response surface model and evolutionary algorithm. AIAA J. 43(6), 1316–1325 (2005)
Loshchilov, I., Schoenauer, M., Sebag, M.: A mono surrogate for multiobjective optimization. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 471–478. ACM (2010)
Herrera, M., Guglielmetti, A., Xiao, M., Coelho, R.F.: Metamodel-assisted optimization based on multiple kernel regression for mixed variables. Struct. Multidiscip. Optim. 49(6), 979–991 (2014)
Isaacs, A., Ray, T., Smith, W.: An evolutionary algorithm with spatially distributed surrogates for multiobjective optimization. In: Australian Conference on Artificial Life, pp. 257–268. Springer (2007)
Zapotecas Martínez, S., Coello Coello, C.A.: MOEA/D assisted by RBF networks for expensive multi-objective optimization problems. In: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 1405–1412. ACM (2013)
Knowles, J.: ParEGO: a hybrid algorithm with on-line landscape approximation for expensive multiobjective optimization problems. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 10(1), 50–66 (2006)
Ponweiser, W., Wagner, T., Biermann, D., Vincze, M.: Multiobjective optimization on a limited budget of evaluations using model-assisted S-metric selection. In: International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, pp. 784–794. Springer (2008)
Zhang, Q., Liu, W., Tsang, E., Virginas, B.: Expensive multiobjective optimization by MOEA/D with Gaussian process model. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 14(3), 456–474 (2010)
Ahmed, M., Qin, N.: Surrogate-based multi-objective aerothermodynamic design optimization of hypersonic spiked bodies. AIAA J. 50(4), 797–810 (2012)
Ratle, A.: Kriging as a surrogate fitness landscape in evolutionary optimization. AI EDAM 15(01), 37–49 (2001)
Jin, Y., Olhofer, M., Sendhoff, B.: A framework for evolutionary optimization with approximate fitness functions. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 6(5), 481–494 (2002)
Ulmer, H., Streichert, F., Zell, A.: Evolution strategies assisted by Gaussian processes with improved preselection criterion. In: Evolutionary Computation. CEC’03. The 2003 Congress on 2003, pp. 692–699. IEEE (2003)
Karakasis, M., Giannakoglou, K.: On the use of metamodel-assisted, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. Eng. Optim. 38(8), 941–957 (2006)
Parno, M.D., Fowler, K.R., Hemker, T.: Framework for particle swarm optimization with surrogate functions. Darmstadt Technical University, Darmstadt (2009)
Jin, Y.: Surrogate-assisted evolutionary computation: recent advances and future challenges. Swarm Evolut. Comput. 1(2), 61–70 (2011)
Di Nuovo, A., Ascia, G., Catania, V.: A study on evolutionary multi-objective optimization with fuzzy approximation for computational expensive problems. In: Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN XII, pp. 102–111 (2012)
Liu, B., Zhang, Q., Gielen, G.G.: A Gaussian process surrogate model assisted evolutionary algorithm for medium scale expensive optimization problems. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 18(2), 180–192 (2014)
Gong, W., Zhou, A., Cai, Z.: A multioperator search strategy based on cheap surrogate models for evolutionary optimization. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 19(5), 746–758 (2015)
Ong, Y.S., Nair, P.B., Keane, A.J.: Evolutionary optimization of computationally expensive problems via surrogate modeling. AIAA J. 41(4), 687–696 (2003)
Smith, R.E., Dike, B.A., Stegmann, S.: Fitness inheritance in genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 1995 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 345–350. ACM (1995)
Hendtlass, T.: Fitness estimation and the particle swarm optimisation algorithm. In: Evolutionary Computation. CEC 2007. IEEE Congress on 2007, pp. 4266–4272. IEEE (2007)
Sun, C., Zeng, J., Pan, J., Xue, S., Jin, Y.: A new fitness estimation strategy for particle swarm optimization. Inf. Sci. 221, 355–370 (2013)
Zhou, Z., Ong, Y.S., Nguyen, M.H., Lim, D.: A study on polynomial regression and Gaussian process global surrogate model in hierarchical surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm. In: Evolutionary Computation. The 2005 IEEE Congress on 2005, pp. 2832–2839. IEEE (2005)
Tenne, Y., Armfield, S.W.: A framework for memetic optimization using variable global and local surrogate models. Soft Comput. A Fusion Found. Methodol. Appl. 13(8), 781–793 (2009)
Müller, J., Shoemaker, C.A.: Influence of ensemble surrogate models and sampling strategy on the solution quality of algorithms for computationally expensive black-box global optimization problems. J. Glob. Optim. 60(2), 123–144 (2014)
Sun, C., Jin, Y., Zeng, J., Yu, Y.: A two-layer surrogate-assisted particle swarm optimization algorithm. Soft. Comput. 19(6), 1461–1475 (2015)
Bouhlel, M.A., Bartoli, N., Otsmane, A., Morlier, J.: Improving kriging surrogates of high-dimensional design models by Partial Least Squares dimension reduction. Struct. Multidiscip. Optim. 53(5), 935–952 (2016)
Regis, R.G.: Constrained optimization by radial basis function interpolation for high-dimensional expensive black-box problems with infeasible initial points. Eng. Optim. 46(2), 218–243 (2014)
Regis, R.G.: Evolutionary programming for high-dimensional constrained expensive black-box optimization using radial basis functions. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 18(3), 326–347 (2014)
Liu, B., Koziel, S., Zhang, Q.: A multi-fidelity surrogate-model-assisted evolutionary algorithm for computationally expensive optimization problems. J. Comput. Sci. 12, 28–37 (2016)
Jin, C., Qin, A.K., Tang, K.: Local ensemble surrogate assisted crowding differential evolution. In: Evolutionary Computation (CEC), IEEE Congress on 2015, pp. 433–440. IEEE (2015)
Awad, N.H., Ali, M.Z., Mallipeddi, R., Suganthan, P.N.: An improved differential evolution algorithm using efficient adapted surrogate model for numerical optimization. Inf. Sci. 451, 326–347 (2018)
Elsayed, S.M., Ray, T., Sarker, R.A.: A surrogate-assisted differential evolution algorithm with dynamic parameters selection for solving expensive optimization problems. In: Evolutionary Computation (CEC), IEEE Congress on 2014, pp. 1062–1068. IEEE (2014)
Mallipeddi, R., Lee, M.: An evolving surrogate model-based differential evolution algorithm. Appl. Soft Comput. 34, 770–787 (2015)
Dennis, J., Torczon, V.: Managing approximation models in optimization. In: Multidisciplinary Design Optimization: State-of-the-Art, pp. 330–347 (1997)
Forrester, A., Sobester, A., Keane, A.: Engineering Design via Surrogate Modelling: A Practical Guide. Wiley, New York (2008)
Viana, F.A., Haftka, R.T., Watson, L.T.: Efficient global optimization algorithm assisted by multiple surrogate techniques. J. Glob. Optim. 56(2), 669–689 (2013)
Rasmussen, C.E.: Gaussian processes in machine learning. In: Advanced Lectures on Machine Learning, pp. 63–71. Springer (2004)
Lophaven, S.N., Nielsen, H.B., Søndergaard, J.: DACE-A Matlab Kriging toolbox, version 2.0. In. (2002)
Sacks, J., Welch, W.J., Mitchell, T.J., Wynn, H.P.: Design and analysis of computer experiments. Stat. Sci. 4, 409–423 (1989)
Van Der Maaten, L., Postma, E., Van den Herik, J.: Dimensionality reduction: a comparative. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 10, 66–71 (2009)
Sammon, J.W.: A nonlinear mapping for data structure analysis. IEEE Trans. Comput. 100(5), 401–409 (1969)
Vesanto, J., Himberg, J., Alhoniemi, E., Parhankangas, J.: SOM Toolbox for Matlab 5. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo (2000)
Storn, R., Price, K.: Differential evolution–a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces. J. Glob. Optim. 11(4), 341–359 (1997)
Zhang, J., Sanderson, A.C.: JADE: adaptive differential evolution with optional external archive. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 13(5), 945–958 (2009)
Price, K.V., Storn, R.M., Lampinen, J.A.: Differential Evolution—A Practical Approach to Global Optimization. Natural Computing Series. Springer, Berlin (2005)
Barbosa, H.J., Sá, A.: On adaptive operator probabilities in real coded genetic algorithms. In: XX International Conference of the Chilean Computer Science Society (2000)
Thierens, D.: An adaptive pursuit strategy for allocating operator probabilities. In: Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 1539–1546. ACM (2005)
Gong, W., Fialho, Á., Cai, Z., Li, H.: Adaptive strategy selection in differential evolution for numerical optimization: an empirical study. Inf. Sci. 181(24), 5364–5386 (2011)
Liu, J., Lampinen, J.: A fuzzy adaptive differential evolution algorithm. In: TENCON’02. Proceedings. 2002 IEEE Region 10 Conference on Computers, Communications, Control and Power Engineering, pp. 606–611. IEEE (2002)
Qin, A.K., Suganthan, P.N.: Self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm for numerical optimization. In: Evolutionary Computation. The 2005 IEEE Congress on 2005, pp. 1785–1791. IEEE (2005)
Brest, J., Greiner, S., Boskovic, B., Mernik, M., Zumer, V.: Self-adapting control parameters in differential evolution: a comparative study on numerical benchmark problems. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 10(6), 646–657 (2006)
Regis, R.G., Shoemaker, C.A.: Improved strategies for radial basis function methods for global optimization. J. Glob. Optim. 37(1), 113–135 (2007)
Regis, R.G., Shoemaker, C.A.: Constrained global optimization of expensive black box functions using radial basis functions. J. Glob. Optim. 31(1), 153–171 (2005)
Holmström, K.: An adaptive radial basis algorithm (ARBF) for expensive black-box global optimization. J. Glob. Optim. 41(3), 447–464 (2008)
Regis, R.G.: Stochastic radial basis function algorithms for large-scale optimization involving expensive black-box objective and constraint functions. Comput. Oper. Res. 38(5), 837–853 (2011)
Regis, R.G., Shoemaker, C.A.: Combining radial basis function surrogates and dynamic coordinate search in high-dimensional expensive black-box optimization. Eng. Optim. 45(5), 529–555 (2013)
Liang, J., Qu, B., Suganthan, P., Hernández-Díaz, A.G.: Problem definitions and evaluation criteria for the CEC 2013 special session on real-parameter optimization. In: Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Technical Report 201212 (2013)
Awad, N., Ali, M., Liang, J., Qu, B., Suganthan, P.: Problem Definitions and Evaluation Criteria for the CEC 2017 Special Session and Competition on Single Objective Real-Parameter Numerical Optimization (2016)
Regis, R.G.: An initialization strategy for high-dimensional surrogate-based expensive black-box optimization. In: Modeling and Optimization: Theory and Applications, pp. 51–85. Springer (2013)
Sun, C., Jin, Y., Cheng, R., Ding, J., Zeng, J.: Surrogate-assisted cooperative swarm optimization of high-dimensional expensive problems. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 21(4), 644–660 (2017)
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 51675198, 51721092, the National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China under Grant No. 51825502, and the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, Z., Qiu, H., Gao, L. et al. Two-layer adaptive surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm for high-dimensional computationally expensive problems. J Glob Optim 74, 327–359 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10898-019-00759-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10898-019-00759-0