Abstract
This paper aims at identifying the factors that would help to diagnose acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using data from an electronic medical record system (EMR) and then generating structure decisions in the form of linguistic fuzzy rules to help predict and understand the outcome of the diagnosis. Since there is a tradeoff in the fuzzy system between the accuracy which measures the capability of the system to predict the diagnosis of AMI and transparency which reflects its ability to describe the symptoms-diagnosis relation in an understandable way, the proposed fuzzy rules are designed in a such a way to find an appropriate balance between these two conflicting modeling objectives using multi-objective genetic algorithms. The main advantage of the generated linguistic fuzzy rules is their ability to describe the relation between the symptoms and the outcome of the diagnosis in an understandable way, close to human thinking and this feature may help doctors to understand the decision process of the fuzzy rules.





Similar content being viewed by others
References
The World Health Organization, The World Health Report 2002. Accessed February 12, 2010, from http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en.
Murray, C. J., and Lopez, A. D., Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 19902020: global burden of disease study. Lancet 349:1498–504, 1997.
Williams, W., Thrombolysis after acute myocardial infarction: are Canadian physicians up to the challenge? Can. Med. Assoc. J. 156(4):509–11, 1997.
Storrow, A. B., and Gibler, W. B., Chest pain centers: diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes. Ann. Emerg. Med 35:449–61, 2000.
Ian, D., Jones, M. D., Corey, M., and Slovis M. D., Pitfalls in evaluating the low-risk chest pain patient. Emerg. Med. Clin. No. Am. 28(1):183–201, 2010.
Lee, T. H., Chest pain in the emergency department: uncertainty and the test of time. Mayo Clin. Proc. 66:963–965, 1999.
Bojarczuk, C. C., Lopes, H. S., and Freitas, A. A., Genetic programming for knowledge discovery in chest pain diagnosis. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. (Special issue on data mining and knowledge discovery), 19(4):38–44, 2000.
Baxt, W. G., Use of an artificial neural network for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Ann. Intern. Med. 115:843–848, 1991 (Erratum in: Ann. Intern. Med. 1992;116:94).
Furlong, J. W., Dupuy, M. E., and Heinsimer, J. A., Neural network analysis of serial cardiac enzyme data. A clinical application of artificial machine intelligence. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 96:134–141, 1991.
Yang, T. F., Devine, B., and Macfarlane, P. W., Use of artificial neural networks within deterministic logic for the computer ECG diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction. J. Electrocardiol. 27 Suppl:188–193, 1994.
Baxt, W. G., and Skora, J., Prospective validation of artificial neural network trained to identify acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 347:12–15, 1996.
Hedn, B., Hlin, H., Rittner, R., and Edenbrandt, L., Acute myocardial infarction detected in the 12-lead ECG by artificial neural networks. Circulation 96:1798–1802, 1997.
Ellenius, J., Groth, T., Lindahl, B., and Wallentin, L., Early assessment of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction by biochemical monitoring and neural network analysis. Clin. Chem. 43:1919–1925, 1997.
Kennedy, R. L., Harrison, R. F., and Burton, A. M., et al., An artificial neural network system for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the accident and emergency department: evaluation and comparison with serum myoglobin measurements. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 52:93–103, 1997.
Baxt, W. G., Shofer, F. S., Sites, F. D., and Hollander, J. E., A neural computational aid to the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Ann. Emerg. Med. 39:366–373, 2002.
Bulgiba, A., and Fisher, M., Using neural networks and just nine patient-reportable factors of screen for AMI. Health Inform. J. 12:213–225, 2006.
Eggers, K. M., Ellenius, J., Dellborg, M., Groth, T., Oldgren, J., Swahn, E., and Lindahl, B., Artificial neural network algorithms for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and prediction of infarct size in chest pain patients. Int. J. Cardiol. 114:366–374, 2007.
Conforti, D., and Guido, R., Kernel-based support vector machine classifiers for early detection of myocardial infarction. Optim. Methods Softw. 20(2–3):401–413, 2005.
Assanelli, D., Cazzamalli, L., Stambini, M., et al., Correct diagnosis of chest pain by an integrated expert system. In: Proc Computers in Cardiology, pp. 759–762. NJ: IEEE, 1993.
Zahan, S., A fuzzy approach to computer-assisted myocardial ischemia diagnosis. Artif. Intell. Med. 21(1):271–275, 2001.
Mair, J., Smidt, J., Lechleitner, P., Dienstl, F., and Puschendorf, B., A decision tree for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in non-traumatic chest pain patients at hospital admission. Chest 108(6):1502–1509, 1995.
Engin, M., ECG, beat classification using neuro-fuzzy network. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 25:1715–1722, 2004.
Lu, H. L., Ong, K., and Chia, P., An automated ECG classification system based on a neuro-fuzzy system. Comput. Cardiol. 27:387–390, 2000.
Güler, İ., and Übeyli, E. D., Application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for detection of electrocardiographic changes in patients with partial epilepsy using feature extraction. Expert Syst. Appl. 27(3):323–330, 2004.
Pilla, V., and Lopes, H. S., Evolutionary training of a neuro-fuzzy network for detection of P wave of the ECG. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, pp. 102–106. New Delhi, India, 1999.
Engin, M., and Demira, S., Fuzzy-hybrid neural network based ECG beat recognition using three different types of feature set, Cardiovasc. J. Eng. Int. 3(2):71–80, 2003.
Osowski, S., and Linh, T. H., ECG beat recognition using fuzzy hybrid neural network. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 48(11):1265–1271, 2001.
Özbay, Y., Ceylan, R., and Karlik, B., A fuzzy clustering neural network architecture for classification of ECG arrhytmias. Comput. Biol. Med. 36:376–388, 2006.
Osowski, S, and Linh, T. H., ECG beat recognition using fuzzy hybrid neural network. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 48:1265–71, 2001.
Goletsis, Y., Papaloukas, C., Fotiadis, D. I., Likas, A., and Michalis, L. K., Automated ischemic beat classification using genetic algorithms and multicriteria decision analysis. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51:171–725, 2004.
Exarchos, T., Tsipouras, M., Exarchos, C., Papaloukas, C., Fotiadis, D., and Michalis, L., A methodology for the automated creation of fuzzy expert systems for ischaemic and arrhythmic beat classification based on a set of rules obtained by a decision tree. Artif. Intell. Med. 40(3)187–200, 2007.
Zeleznikow, J., and Nolan, J. R.. Using soft computing to build real world intelligent decision support systems in uncertain domains. Decis. Support Syst. 31:263–285, 2001.
Casillas, J., Cordon, O., Herrera, F., and Magdalena, L., (Eds.), Interpretability Issues in Fuzzy Modeling. Heidelberg: Springer, 2003.
Dubois, D., and Prade, H., What are fuzzy rules and how to use them. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 84:169–185, 1996.
Bates, J. H. T., and Young, M. P., Applying fuzzy logic to medical decision making in the intensive care unit. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167:948–952, 2003.
Nauck, D., Data Analysis with Neuro Fuzzy Methods Habilitation thesis. Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Faculty of Computer Science, Magdeburg, Germany, 2000.
Bardossy, A., The use of fuzzy rules for the description of elements in the hydrological cycle. Ecol. Model. 85:3–12, 1996.
Bulgiba, A. M., Razaz, M., How well can signs and symptoms predict AMI in the Malaysian population? Int. J. Cardiol. 102:87–93, 2005.
Konak, A., Coit, D. W., and Smith, A. E., Multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms: a tutorial. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 91(9):992–1007, 2006.
Coello, C. A. C., A comprehensive survey of evolutionary-based multi-objective optimization techniques. Knowl. Inf. Syst. 1(3):269–308, 1999.
Van Veldhuizen, D. A., and Lamont, G. B., Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms: analyzing the state-of-the-art. Evol. Comput. 8(2):125–147, 2000.
Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S., and Meyarivan, T., A fast and elitist multi-objective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 6:182–197, 2002.
Srinivas, N., and Deb, K., Multi-objective optimization using non-dominated sorting in genetic algorithms. Evol. Comput. 2:221–248, 1994.
Deb, K., and Goel, T., Controlled elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms for better convergence. In: Zitzler, E., Deb, K., Thiele, L., Coello, C. A. C., and Corne, D., (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Evolutionary Multi-Criterion OptimizationEMO 2001. pp. 67–81. Berlin: Springer, 2001.
Dash, M., and Liu, H., Feature Selection for Classification Intelligent Data Analysis. Vol. 1, pp. 131–156, 1997.
Mamdani, E. H., Applications of fuzzy logic to approximate reasoning using linguistic synthesis. IEEE Trans. Comput. 26(12):1182–1191, 1977.
Bezdek, J. C., Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms. New York: Plenum, 1981.
Ishibuchi, H., Nakashima, T., and Murata, T., Three objective genetics-based machine leaming for linguistic rule extraction. Inf. Sci. 136(1–4):109–133, 2001.
Kohavi, R., A Study of Cross-Validation and Bootstrap for Accuracy Estimation and Model Selection. Appears in the International Joint Conference on Artificial Inteligence (IJCAI), 195.
Altman, D. G., and Bland, J. M., Diagnostic tests, 3: receiver operating characteristic plots. Br. Med. J. 309:188, 1994.
May, R. J., Dandy, G. C., Maier, H. R., and Nixon, J. B., Application of partial mutual information variable selection to ANN forecasting of water quality in water distribution systems. Environ. Model. Softw. 23(10–11):1289–1299, 2008.
Lahsasna, A., Ainon, R. N., and Wah, T. Y., Credit scoring models using soft computing methods: a survey. Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol. 7(2):115–123, 2010.
Piramuthu, S., Financial credit-risk evaluation with neural and neurofuzzy systems. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 112:310–321, 1999.
Setnes, M., Simplification and reduction of fuzzy rules. In: Casillas, J., Cordn, O., Herrera, F., and Magdalena, L., (Eds.), Interpretability Issues in Fuzzy Modeling. pp. 278–302. Heidelberg: Springer, 2003.
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by a fundamental research grant scheme from Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ainon, R.N., Bulgiba, A.M. & Lahsasna, A. AMI Screening Using Linguistic Fuzzy Rules. J Med Syst 36, 463–473 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-010-9491-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-010-9491-2