Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Routing Management in the PSTN and the Internet: A Historical Perspective

  • Published:
Journal of Network and Systems Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Two highly visible public communication networks are the public-switched telephone network (PSTN) and the Internet. While they typically provide different services and the basic technologies underneath are different, both networks rely heavily on routing for communication between any two points. In this paper, we present a brief overview of routing mechanisms used in the PSTN and the Internet from a historical perspective. In particular, we discuss the role of management for the different routing mechanisms, where and how one is similar or different from the other, as well as where the management aspect is heading in an inter-networked environment of the PSTN and the Internet where voice over IP (VoIP) services are offered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ash, G.R.: Dynamic Routing in Telecommunication Networks. McGraw-Hill (1997)

  2. Ash, G.R., Cardwell, R.H., Murray, R.P.: Design and optimization of networks with dynamic routing. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 60:1787–1820 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ash, G.R., Chemouil, P.: 20 years of dynamic routing in telephone networks: looking backward to the future, IEEE Global Communications Newsletter, pp. 1–4, October 2004, note: appears as insert in the October 2005 issue of IEEE Communications Magazine

  4. Ash, G.R., Chen, J.S., Frey, A.E., Huang, B.D.: Real time network routing in a dynamic class-of-service network. In: Proceedings of 13th international teletraffic congress (ITC13), pp. 187–194, Copenhagen, Denmark (1991)

  5. Braun, H.-W.: Models of policy based routing, IETF RFC 1104, June 1989. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1104.txt

  6. Braun, H.-W.: The NSFNET routing architecture, IETF RFC 1093, February 1989. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1093.txt

  7. Clark, D.D.: Policy routing in Internet protocols, IETF RFC 1102, May 1989. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1102.txt

  8. Doyle, J., Carroll, J.: Routing TCP/IP, vol. II. Cisco Press (2001)

  9. Doyle, J., Carroll, J.: Routing TCP/IP, vol. I, 2nd ed. Cisco Press (2006)

  10. Feldmann, A., Greenberg, A., Lund, C., Reingold, N., Rexford, J.: NetScope: traffic engineering in IP networks. IEEE Network 14(2):11–19 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Feldmann, A., Greenberg, A., Lund, C., Reingold, N., Rexford, J., True, F.: Deriving traffic demands for operational IP networks: methodology and experience. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking 9:265–279, (2001) (an earlier version appeared in Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM’2000)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Fortz, B., Thorup, M.: Internet traffic engineering by optimizing OSPF weights. In: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM’2000, pp. 519–528, Tel Aviv, Israel, March 2000

  13. Foster, M., McGarry, T., Yu, J.: Number portability in the Global Switched Telephone Network (GSTN): an overview, IETF RFC 3482, February 2003. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3482.txt

  14. Fuller, V., Li, T., Yu, J., Varadhan, K.: Supernetting: an address assignment and aggregation strategy, IETF RFC 1338, June 1992. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1338.txt

  15. Gibbens, R.J., Kelly, F.P., Key, P.B.: Dynamic alternate routing—modeling and behaviour. In: Proceedings of 12th international teletraffic congress (ITC12), pp. 3.4A3.1–3.4A3.7, Turin, Italy (1988)

  16. Girard, A.: Routing and Dimensioning in Circuit-switched Networks. Addison-Wesley (1990)

  17. Gottlieb, J., Greenberg, A., Rexford, J., Wang, J.: Automated provisioning of BGP customers. IEEE Network 17(6):44–55 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Haenschke, D., Kettler, D.A., Oberer, E.: Network management and congestion in the U.S. telecommunications network. IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-29:376–385 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Huitema, C.: Routing in the Internet, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall (2000)

  20. Leiner, B.: Policy issues in interconnecting networks, IETF RFC 1124, September 1989 (available only as postscript or PDF file). http://www.faqs.org/rfc/rfc1124.pdf

  21. Leiner, B.M., Cerf, V.G., Clark, D.D., Kahn, R.E., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, D.C., Postel, J., Roberts, L.G., Wolff, S.: A brief history of the internet, version 3.32, last revised 10 December, 2003. http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml

  22. Lougheed, K., Rekhter, Y.: A border gateway protocol (BGP), IETF RFC 1105, June 1989. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1105.txt

  23. Lougheed, K., Rekhter, Y.: A border gateway protocol 3 (BGP-3), IETF RFC 1267, October 1991. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1267.txt

  24. Medhi, D., Ramasamy, K.: Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers (an imprint of Elsevier) (2007)

  25. Mills, D.L.: Exterior gateway protocol formal specification, IETF RFC 904, April 1984. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc904.txt

  26. Mills, D.L.: Autonomous confederations, IETF RFC 975, February 1986. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc975.txt

  27. Pióro, M., Szentesi, A., Harmatos, J., Jüttner, A., Gajowniczek, P., Kozdrowski, S.: On open shortest path first related network optimization problems. In: Proceedings of IFIP ATM IP 2000, Ilkley, England, July 2000, (see also [28])

  28. Pióro, M., Szentesi, A., Harmatos, J., Jüttner, A., Gajowniczek, P., Kozdrowski, S.: On open shortest path first related network optimization problems, performance evaluation, vol. 48, pp. 201–223 (2002) (see [27] for a preliminary version)

  29. Piscitello, D.M., Chapin, A.L.: Open Systems Networking: TCP/IP and OSI. Addison-Wesley (1993)

  30. Rekhter, Y.: EGP and policy based routing in the new NSFNET backbone, IETF RFC 1092, February 1989. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1092.txt

  31. Rekhter, Y., Li, T.: A border gateway protocol 4 (BGP-4), IETF RFC 1771, March 1995 (Made obsolete by [32]). http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1771.txt

  32. Rekhter, Y., Li, T., Hares, S.: A border gateway protocol 4 (BGP-4), IETF RFC 4271, January 2006. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4271.txt

  33. Rexford, J.: Route optimization in IP networks. In: Resende, M.G.C., Pardalos, P. (eds.) Handbook of Optimization in Telecommunications, pp. 679–700. Springer (2006)

  34. Rey, R.F. (ed.): Engineering and Operations in the Bell System, 2nd ed. AT&T Bell Laboratories (1983)

  35. Rosen, E.: Exterior gateway protocol (EGP), IETF RFC 827, October 1982. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc827.txt

  36. Seamonson, L.J., Rosen, E.: Stub exterior gateway protocol, IETF RFC 888, January 1984. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc888.txt

  37. Syniverse Technologies: A global perspective on number portability, May 2004. http://www.syniverse.com/pdfs/MNPReport.pdf

  38. Szybicki, E., Lavigne, M.: Alternate routing for a telephone system, U.S. Patent No. 4,284,852. August 18 (1981)

  39. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India: Recommendation on mobile number portability, March 2006. http://www.trai.gov.in/recomm8mar06.pdf

  40. Tow, D.M.: Network management—recent advances and future trends. IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun. 6(4):732–741 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Weber, J.H. (1964) A simulation study of routing and control in communication networks. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 43:2639–2676

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This paper relies on the book [24] with regard to the general discussion about routing. The figures are reproduced from the book, which Karthikeyan Ramasamy drew. Jennifer Rexford and Cory Beard read a draft of the paper and provided valuable feedback. I also thank the anonymous reviewers for their instructive comments and Nan Lorenz for carefully proofreading the paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA

    Deep Medhi

Authors
  1. Deep Medhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Deep Medhi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Medhi, D. Routing Management in the PSTN and the Internet: A Historical Perspective. J Netw Syst Manage 15, 503–523 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-007-9085-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-007-9085-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation