Abstract
The digital universe is expanding at very high rates. New ways of retrieving and enriching text and audio content are required. In this work, a methodology for actor level emotion magnitude prediction in text and speech is proposed. A model is trained to predict emotion magnitudes per actor at any point in a story using previous emotion magnitudes plus current text and speech features which act on the actor’s emotional state. The methodology compares linear and non-linear regression techniques to determine the optimal model that fits the data. Results of the analysis show that non-linear regression models based on Support Vector Regression (SVR) using a Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel provide the most accurate prediction model. An analysis of the contribution of the features for emotion magnitude prediction is performed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akenine-Moller T, Haines E, Hoffman N (2008) Real-Time Rendering. A K Peters, Wellesley, Massachusetts
Alm CO, Roth D, Sproat R (2005) Emotions from text: machine learning for text-based emotion prediction. In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 579–586
Alm CO (2011) Affect data. http://lrc.cornell.edu/swedish/dataset/affectdata/index.html. Accessed 30 March 2011
Alm CO (2008) Affect in Text and Speech. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Bird S, Klein E, Loper E (2009) Natural Language Processing with Python. 1st ed., O’Reilly Media
Boersma P, Weenink D (2011) Praat: doing phonetics by computer. Version 5.2.21. http://www.praat.org/. Accessed 30 March 2011
Burns B, Morrison C (2003) Temporal Abstraction in Bayesian Networks. In Working Notes of Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Spring Symposium Workshop: Foundation and Applications of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning, AAAI,Technical Report SS-03-03, 2003
Busso C, Lee S, Narayanan S (2009) Analysis of emotionally salient aspects of fundamental frequency for emotion detection. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing Vol. 17, No. 4
Calix RA, Mallepudi S, Chen B, Knapp GM (2010) Emotion recognition in text for 3D facial expression rendering. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Special Issue on Multimodal Affective Interaction 12(6):544–551
Calix RA, Knapp GM (2011) Affect Corpus 2.0: An extension of a corpus for actor level emotion magnitude detection. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Multimedia Systems (MMSys) conference, Feb. 2011, San Jose, California, U.S.A.
Chang CC, Lin C (2001) LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines. http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm. Accessed 30 March 2011
El-Nasr M, Loerger T, Yen J (1999) PETEEI: A pet with evolving emotional intelligence. Proceedings of the third annual conference on autonomous agents, Seattle, Washington, USA, pp. 9–15
Gantz J, Reinsel D (2010) The digital universe decade—Are you ready? IDC Report. http://www.emc.com/collateral/demos/microsites/idc-digital-universe/iview.htm. Accessed 30 March 2011
Grimm M, Kroschel K, Narayanan S (2007) Support Vector Regression for automatic recognition of spontaneous emotions in speech. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2007), Vol. 4, pp. IV-1085-IV-1088
Jurafsky D, Martin J (2008) Speech and Language Processing, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
Lu CY, Hong J, Cruz-Lara S (2006) Emotion detection in textual information by semantic role labeling and web mining techniques. Third Taiwanese-French Conference on Information Technology—TFIT
Luengo I, Navas E, Hernaez I, (2010) Feature analysis and evaluation for automatic emotion identification in speech. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 12, No. 6
Mao Y, Lebanon G (2006) Sequential models for sentiment prediction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), Workshop on Learning in Structured Output Spaces, Pittsburg, PA
Moilanen K, Pulman S (2007) Sentiment Composition. In Proceedings of Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2007), September 27–29, Borovets, Bulgaria, pp. 378–382
Neviarouskaya A, Prendinger H, Ishizuka M (2009) Semantically distinct verb classes involved in sentiment analysis. In Proceedings IADIS international conference on applied computing, AC 1:27–35
Nuance (2011) Naturally speaking software. http://www.nuance.com/dragon/index.htm. Accessed 30 March 2011
Pang B, Lee L (2008) Opinion mining and sentiment analysis. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval 2(1–2):1–135
Smola A, Scholkopf B (2004) A tutorial on Support Vector Regression. Stat Comput 14:199–222
Tokuhisa R, Inui K, Matsumoto Y (2008) Emotion classification using massive examples extracted from the web. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008), Manchester, pp. 881–888
Witten I, Frank E (2005) Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, 2 dth edn. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Calix, R.A., Knapp, G.M. Actor level emotion magnitude prediction in text and speech. Multimed Tools Appl 62, 319–332 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0909-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0909-8