Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Ant colony optimization based polymorphism-aware routing algorithm for ad hoc UAV network

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ad hoc UAV network is characterized for its high node mobility, fast changing network topology, high frequency of interchanging data and complex application environment. The performance of traditional routing algorithms are so poor over aspects such as end to end delay, data packet delivery ratio and routing overhead that they cannot provide efficient communication for multi-UAVs carrying out missions synergistically. An ant colony optimization based polymorphism-aware routing algorithm– APAR algorithm is proposed to solve the problems. This algorithm integrates ACO algorithm and dynamic source routing algorithm, the level of pheromone in routes which are gained in routing discovery process, is chosen as a standard to choose route and calculated by sensing the distance of a route, the congestion level of a route, and the stability of a route. A new volatilization mechanism of pheromone is also introduced to the algorithm. Meanwhile, the algorithm can make adjustment to the variance of UAV formation to prevent the compromise of the network performance. The simulation results show the APAR algorithm has superiority over traditional algorithms in data package delivery ratio, end to end delay, routing overhead and it is dependable in battlefield environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Aissani M, Fenouche M, Sadour H, Mellouk A (2007) Ant-DSR: cache maintenance based routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks. In: The Third Advanced International Conference in Telecommunications, AICT, p.35

  2. Asokan R, Natarajan AM, Venkatesh C (2008) Ant based dynamic source routing protocol to support multiple quality of service (QoS) metrics in mobile ad hoc networks. Int J Comput Sci Secur 2(3)

  3. Barolli L, Honma Y, Koyama A, Durresi A, Arai J (2004) A selective border-casting zone routing protocol for ad-hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, pp. 326–330

  4. Basarkod PI, Manvi SS (2014) Node movement Stability and Congestion aware Anycast Routing in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC), vol.1. IEEE, pp. 124–131

  5. Bellur B (2003) Topology dissemination based on reverse-path forwarding(TBRPF)[S]. IETF Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-tbrpf-08.txt

  6. Bettstetter C, Hartenstein H, Perez-Costa X (2004) Stochastic properties of the random waypoint mobility model, ACM/Kluwer Wirel Netw 10(5): 555–567

  7. Csiszar V, Mori TF (2009) A Bienayme–Chebyshev inequality for scale mixtures of the multivariate normal distribution. Math Inequal Appl 12(4):839–844

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Dorigo M (1992) Optimization, learning and natural algorithms[D].Milano, Italy: Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di

  9. Dorigo M, Maniezzo V, Colorni A (1996) The ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 26(1):29–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. DUBE R, RAIS CD, WANG KY et al (1997) Signal stability based adaptive routing(SSA)for ad hoc mobile networks[J]. IEEE Pers Commun Mag 4(1):36–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Dung LT, An B (2013) The analysis of route availability and route stability in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. In: UIC/ATC international conference on ubiquitous intelligence and computing and autonomic and trusted computing. IEEE, p. 607–12

  12. Garcia-Luna-Aceves JJ, Marcelo Spohn C (1999) Source-tree routing in wireless networks. In: Seventh Annual International Conference on Network Protocols, Toronto, Canada, pp. 273–282

  13. Goldsmith A (2005) Wireless communication[M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

  14. Heissenbilttel M, Braun T (2003) Ants-based routing in large scale mobile Ad-hoc networks. Kommunikation in verteilten Systemen(KiVS03), Leipzig, Germany, March, 181–190

  15. Hu X, Wang J-k, Wang C-r (2010) Stability-enhanced routing for mobile ad hoc networks[C]//Proc of 2010 International Conference on Computer Design and Applications(ICCDA), 553–556

  16. Jacquet P, Muhlethalar P, Qayyum A (2002) Optimized link state routing protocol[S]. IETF Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-olsr-10.txt

  17. Johnson DB, Maltz AD, Broch J (2001) DSR: the dynamic source routing protocol for multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. In: Perkins CE (Ed) Ad hoc networking. Addison-Wesley, pp. 139–172(Chapter 5)

  18. Kang A, Zhang Y, Nath B (2005) Accurate and energy-efficient congestion level measurement in ad hoc networks. In: IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, vol. 4, pp. 2258–2263

  19. Kim J-Y, Tomar GS, Shrivastava L (2014) Load balanced congestion adaptive routing for mobile ad hoc networks[J]. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 1(1):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  20. Li X, Qilong L, Jian Z, Qianyu Z (2010) A state-aware routing protocol based on energy and stability for mobile ad hoc networks. In: International conference on communication systems networks and applications (ICCSNA), vol.1. IEEE, p. 329–32

  21. Moussaoui A, Semchedine F, Boukerram B (2014) A link-state QoS routing protocol based on link stability for mobile ad hoc networks. J Netw Comput Appl 39:117–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Murthy JJ, Garcia LA (1995) A routing protocol for packet radio networks. In: First Annual ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Berkeley, CA, pp. 86–95

  23. Paramasiven A (2011) Using swarm intelligence to optimize caching techniques for ad hoc network. Int J Comput Sci Telecommun 2(6):15–19

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pei G, Gerla M, Hong X, Chiang C (1999) A wireless hierarchical routing protocol with group mobility. In: IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking,New Orleans, vol. 3, pp. 1538–1542

  25. Pei G, Gerla M, Chen TW (2000) Fish eye state routing: a routing scheme for ad hoc wireless networks[A]. The IEEE Int’1 Conf. on Communications(ICC)[C].New Orleans, LA

  26. Perkins CE, Bhagwat P(1994) Highly dynamic destination sequenced distance vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers. In: ACM SIGCOMM’94 Conference on Communications Architectures, London, UK, pp. 234–255

  27. Perkins C, Royer E (1999) Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing. In: Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications(WMCSA’99), pp. 90–100

  28. Qiong H, Pengfei Y, Qianbin C (2014) A bioinspired adaptive congestion- avoidance routing for mobile ad hoc networks[J]. Math Probl Eng 1(1):1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rafsanjani MK, Asadinia S, Pakzad F (2010) A hybrid routing algorithm based on ant colony and ZHLS routing protocol for MANET. Springer, Berlin, pp 112–122

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ramrekha TA, Panaousis E, Politis C (2011) Standardisation advancements in the area of routing for mobile ad hoc networks. J Supercomput. doi:10.1007/s11227-011-0705-2

    Google Scholar 

  31. Reina DG, Toral SL, Johnson P, Barrero F (2014) Improving discovery phase of reactive ad hoc routing protocols using Jaccard distance. J Supercomput 67(1):131–152

  32. Sarma N, Nandi S (2010) Route stability based QoS routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Wirel Pers Commun 54(1):203–224 (Springer)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Singh G, Kumar N, Verma AK (2012) Ant colony algorithms in MANETs: a review[J]. J Netw Comput Appl 35:1964–1972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Stojmenovic M (2005) Swarm intelligence for routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In: Y Xiao, J Li, Y Pan (eds) Security and routing in wireless networks. Nova Science Publishers, p. 167–88

  35. Wang J, Osagie E, Thulasiraman P, Thulasiram R (2009) Hopnet: a hybrid ant colony optimization routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc network. Ad Hoc Netw 7:690–705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhu W, Song M, Olariu S (2006) Integrating stability estimation into quality of service routing in mobile Ad-hoc networks. In: IWQoS International Workshop on Quality of Service IEEE. p. 122–9

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an, 710038, China

    Yunlong Yu, Le Ru, Wensheng Chi, Yaqing Liu, Qiangqiang Yu & Kun Fang

Authors
  1. Yunlong Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Le Ru
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wensheng Chi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yaqing Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Qiangqiang Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Kun Fang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yunlong Yu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yu, Y., Ru, L., Chi, W. et al. Ant colony optimization based polymorphism-aware routing algorithm for ad hoc UAV network. Multimed Tools Appl 75, 14451–14476 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-3240-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-3240-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation